For The Record  

FTR #606 Project Paperclip and AIDS

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NB: This descrip­tion con­tains a great deal of mate­r­ial added after the broad­cast was orig­i­nally made. Listeners/readers are emphat­i­cally encour­aged to pur­sue other pro­grams deal­ing with this sub­ject, espe­cially AFA #16.

Intro­duc­tion: For more than two decades, Dave Emory has pre­sented pro­grams indi­cat­ing that AIDS is a man-made dis­ease. Sup­ple­ment­ing that body of work, this pro­gram sets forth cir­cum­stan­tial evi­dence indi­cat­ing that AIDS may have been cre­ated on a foun­da­tion of research done by the Nazis in con­cen­tra­tion camps dur­ing the Sec­ond World War. Under a pro­gram named Project Paper­clip, Nazi scientists—many of them war criminals—were recruited to do research for the U.S. national secu­rity establishment.

Among the war crim­i­nals so recruited was Erich Traub, who was one of the prin­ci­pals in charge of bac­te­ri­o­log­i­cal and viro­log­i­cal war­fare for the Third Reich. After test­ing deadly dis­eases and tox­ins on apes pro­cured from Africa, the Nazis pro­gressed to test­ing lethal ill­nesses on con­cen­tra­tion camp inmates. Note that HIV is an African simian virus, mutated in such a way as to infect and kill humans.

Among the Nazi oper­a­tives sought by the U.S. after the war was Franz Liesau Zacharias, who pro­cured the apes in Africa for use in devel­op­ing dis­eases to be tested on con­cen­tra­tion camp inmates—among the dis­eases tested in the camps was the plague. Recent med­ical research indi­cates the exis­tence of a genetic trait that affords immu­nity to both AIDS and the infec­tions that have come to be known as “plague.”

This gene—the CCR5 delta-32 muta­tion—is only car­ried by the white race and [accord­ing to some sources] only by peo­ple of North­ern Euro­pean extrac­tion. Did the Nazis note [in their exper­i­ments] that some peo­ple appeared to be immune to infec­tion with plague? Were tis­sue sam­ples taken and pre­served for fur­ther study? Was this in any way con­nected to the even­tual evo­lu­tion of the CCR5-delta 32 gene as a hered­i­tary pro­tec­tion against infec­tion by HIV?

In June of 2009, it emerged that CCR5 delta-32 was used in trans­plant ther­apy admin­is­tered by a Ger­man doc­tor to an HIV-positive leukemia patient. It appears that the patient was cured of HIV! The Ger­man doc­tor delib­er­ately selected a CCR5 delta-32 pos­i­tive donor for the stem cells used for the transplant.

Is it pos­si­ble that Liesau Zacharias was actu­ally tar­geted for recruit­ment by the U.S. for Project Paper­clip, like Erich Traub? This pro­gram explores that possibility.

In the con­text of the “ethno-specific” nature of HIV, this descrip­tion also con­tains infor­ma­tion from late 2008 about a height­ened phys­i­cal sus­cep­ti­bil­ity of the African race to HIV infec­tion. Taken in con­junc­tion with the CCR5 delta-32 muta­tion that affords “Aryans” immu­nity to infec­tion by HIV, this is as reveal­ing as it is frightening.

Pro­gram High­lights Include: Zacharias’ found­ing of a com­pany in Spain in 1944; Zacharias’ company’s long­stand­ing rela­tion­ship with the secu­rity ser­vices of fas­cist dic­ta­tor Fran­cisco Franco; the pro­found rela­tion­ship between the Under­ground Reich and the Span­ish intel­li­gence ser­vices; review of tes­ti­mony before a House sub­com­mit­tee in 1969 that directly fore­shad­owed the appear­ance of AIDS; review of the back­ground of Dr. Wolf Szmuness—the cre­ator of the exper­i­men­tal hepati­tis B vac­cine that appears to have been a major vec­tor for delib­er­ately infect­ing peo­ple with AIDS; Szmuness’ long­stand­ing friend­ship with Pope John Paul II; the South African back­ground of Rod­er­ick Mur­ray—a key offi­cial with the National Insti­tutes of Health; review of the Nazi her­itage of the apartheid regime of South Africa; this descrip­tion con­tains a con­sum­mately impor­tant review of the use of can­cer research pro­grams as cover for bio­log­i­cal war­fare both in Nazi Ger­many and in the United States; indi­ca­tions that what was known as bubonic plague may well have been a vari­ety of hemor­ragic fever, per­haps native to a Mid­dle East­ern of African principality.

1. The pro­gram begins with a look at an excerpt from tes­ti­mony before a House appro­pri­a­tions sub­com­mit­tee that was draw­ing up the defense bud­get for the fol­low­ing year. (The hear­ings were in 1969.) The tes­ti­mony dis­cusses the pos­si­bil­ity of using genetic engi­neer­ing to pro­duce a dis­ease that would be “refrac­tory” to the immune sys­tem. This is vir­tu­ally the clin­i­cal def­i­n­i­tion of AIDS. It is worth not­ing that the project was funded, and just such a disease—AIDS—appeared in just the time frame posited. It is also worth not­ing that, in the 2002 edi­tion of A Higher Form of Killing, this pas­sage is omitted!!

“. . . As long ago as 1962, forty sci­en­tists were employed at the U.S. Army bio­log­i­cal war­fare lab­o­ra­to­ries on full-time genet­ics research. ‘Many oth­ers,’ it was said, ‘appre­ci­ate the impli­ca­tions of genet­ics for their own work.’ The impli­ca­tions were made more spe­cific that genetic engi­neer­ing could solve one of the major dis­ad­van­tages of bio­log­i­cal war­fare, that it is lim­ited to dis­eases which occur nat­u­rally some­where in the world. ‘Within the next 5 to 10 years, it would prob­a­bly be pos­si­ble to make a new infec­tive micro-organism which could dif­fer in cer­tain impor­tant respects from any known disease-causing organ­isms. Most impor­tant of these is that it might be refrac­tory to the immuno­log­i­cal and ther­a­peu­tic processes upon which we depend to main­tain our rel­a­tive free­dom from infec­tious dis­ease.’ [Ital­ics are Mr. Emory’s.] The pos­si­bil­ity that such a ‘super germ’ may have been suc­cess­fully pro­duced in a lab­o­ra­tory some­where in the world in the years since that assess­ment was made is one which should not be too read­ily cast aside. . .”

(A Higher Form of Killing; Robert Har­ris and Jeremy Pax­man; Hill and Wang [SC]; ISBN 0–8090-5471-X; p. 241.)

2. Next, the pro­gram reviews dis­cus­sion of the gene pro­vid­ing peo­ple of the white race [and—according to some sources—primarily those of North­ern Euro­pean extrac­tion] with immu­nity from the AIDS virus. The pro­gram high­lights that gene’s role in pro­vid­ing some peo­ple with immu­nity from the plagues that rav­aged Europe cen­turies ago. (The gene is CCR5 delta32.)

“ . . . In Sep­tem­ber 1665, George Vic­cars, a tai­lor in the small, central-England vil­lage of Eyam, received a par­cel of cloth rid­den with plague-infected fleas from Lon­don. Four days later, Vic­cars died. By the end of the month, five more vil­lagers had suc­cumbed to the plague. The pan­icked town turned to their rec­tor, William Mom­pes­son, who per­suaded them to quar­an­tine the entire vil­lage to pre­vent the bac­terium from spread­ing through­out the region. It seemed like sui­cide. A year later, the first out­siders ven­tured into Eyam, expect­ing a ghost town. Yet, mirac­u­lously, half the town had sur­vived. How did so many vil­lagers live through the most dev­as­tat­ing dis­ease known to man?”

(“Secrets of the Dead—Case File: Mys­tery of the Black Death; Back­ground”; Secrets of the Dead; p. 1.)

3. “Local Eyam lore tells befud­dling sto­ries of plague sur­vivors who had close con­tact with the bac­terium but never caught the dis­ease. Eliz­a­beth Han­cock buried six chil­dren and her hus­band in a week, but never became ill. The vil­lage gravedig­ger han­dled hun­dreds of plague-ravaged corpses, but sur­vived as well. Could these peo­ple have some­how been immune to the Black Death?”

(Idem.)

4. “Dr. Stephen O’Brien of the National Insti­tutes of Health in Wash­ing­ton D.C. sug­gests they were. His work with HIV and the mutated form of the gene CCR, called ‘delta 32,’ led him to Eyam. In 1996, research showed that delta32 pre­vents HIV from enter­ing human cells and infect­ing the body. O’Brien thought this prin­ci­ple could be applied to the plague bac­te­ria, which affects the body in a sim­i­lar man­ner. To deter­mine whether the Eyam plague sur­vivors may have car­ried delta 32, O’Brien tested the DNA of their modern-day descen­dents. What he found out was startling . . .”

(Idem.)

5. “For a disease-causing microor­gan­ism to infect the human body there must be a gate­way or por­tal through which it enters into human cells. The plague bac­terium works this way, hijack­ing the white blood cells sent to elim­i­nate it. Trav­el­ing inside the white blood cells to the lymph nodes, the bac­te­ria break out and attack the focal point of the human immune sys­tem. Dr. Stephen O’Brien felt that the mutated CCR5 gene, delta 32, may have pre­vented the plague from being able to enter its host’s white blood cells.”

(“Secrets of the Dead—Case File: Mys­tery of the Black Death; Clues and Evi­dence”; Secrets of the Dead; p. 1.)

6. “Eyam pro­vided O’Brien an ideal oppor­tu­nity to test this the­ory. Specif­i­cally, Eyam was an iso­lated pop­u­la­tion known to have sur­vived a plague epi­demic. Every­one in the town would have been exposed to the bac­terium, so it’s likely that any life-saving genetic trait would have been exposed to the bac­terium, so it’s likely that any life-saving genetic trait would have been pos­sessed by each of these sur­vivors. ‘Like a Xerox machine,’ says O’Brien, ‘their gene fre­quen­cies have been repli­cated for sev­eral gen­er­a­tions with­out a lot of infu­sion from out­side,’ thus pro­vid­ing a viable pool of survivor-descendants who would have inher­ited such a trait. . . .”

(Idem.)

7. “ . . . DNA sam­ples could only be col­lected from direct descen­dents of the plague sur­vivors. DNA is the prin­ci­ple com­po­nent of chro­mo­somes, which carry the genes that trans­mit hered­i­tary char­ac­ter­is­tics. We inherit our DNA from our par­ents, thus Eyam res­i­dent Joan Plant, for instance, may have inher­ited the delta 32 muta­tion from one of her ancient rel­a­tives. Plant can trace her mother’s lin­eage back ten gen­er­a­tions to the Black­well sib­lings, Fran­cis and Mar­garet, who both lived through the plague to the turn of the cen­tury. The next step was to har­vest a DNA sam­ple from Joan and the other descen­dants. DNA is found in the nuclei of cells. The amount is con­stant in all typ­i­cal cells, regard­less of the size or func­tion of that cell. One of the eas­i­est meth­ods of obtain­ing a DNA tis­sue sam­ple is to take a cheek or buc­cal swab.”

(Idem.)

8. Note that no other eth­nic groups or races have the delta 32 gene that pre­vents infec­tion by HIV.

“After three weeks of test­ing at Uni­ver­sity Col­lege in Lon­don, delta 32 had been found in 14% of the sam­ples. This is a genet­i­cally sig­nif­i­cant per­cent­age, yet what, really, did it mean? Could the vil­lagers have inher­ited delta 32 from else­where, res­i­dents who had moved to the com­mu­nity in the 350 years since the plague? Was this really a higher per­cent­age than any­where else? To find out, O’Brien assem­bled an inter­na­tional team of sci­en­tists to test for the pres­ence of delta 32 around the world. ‘Native Africans did not have delta 32 at all,’ O’Brien says, ‘and when we looked at East Asians and Indi­ans, they were also flat zero.’ In fact the lev­els of delta 32 found in Eyam were only matched in regions of Europe that had been affected by the plague and in Amer­ica, which was, for the most part, set­tled by Euro­pean plague sur­vivors and their descendants.”

(Idem.)

9a. “Mean­while, recent work with another dis­ease strik­ingly sim­i­lar to the plague, AIDS, sug­gests O’Brien was on the right track. HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, tricks the immune sys­tem in a sim­i­lar man­ner as the plague bac­terium, tar­get­ing and tak­ing over white blood cells. Virol­o­gist Dr. Bill Pax­ton at the Aaron Dia­mond AIDS Research Cen­ter in New York City noticed, ‘the cen­ter had no study of peo­ple who were exposed to HIV but who had remained neg­a­tive.’ He began test­ing the blood of high-risk, HIV-negative indi­vid­u­als like Steve Crohn, expos­ing their blood to three thou­sand times the amount of HIV nor­mally needed to infect a cell. Steve’s blood never became infected. ‘We thought maybe we had infected the cul­ture with bac­te­ria or what­ever,’ says Pax­ton. ‘So we went back to Steve. But it was the same result. We went back again and again. Same result.’ Pax­ton began study­ing Crohn’s DNA, and con­cluded there was some sort of block­ing mech­a­nism pre­vent­ing the virus from bind­ing to his cells. Fur­ther research showed that that mech­a­nism was delta 32. Sci­en­tists study­ing HIV first learned about the gateway-blocking capac­ity of the CCR5 muta­tion in 1996. Sev­eral drug com­pa­nies, then, quickly began explor­ing the pos­si­bil­ity of devel­op­ing phar­ma­ceu­ti­cals that would mimic delta 32 by bind­ing to CCR5 and block­ing the attach­ment of HIV. . . .”

(Ibid.; pp. 1–2.)

9b. In June of 2009, it emerged that CCR5 delta-32 was used in trans­plant ther­apy admin­is­tered by a Ger­man doc­tor to an HIV-positive leukemia patient. It appears that the patient was cured of HIV! The Ger­man doc­tor delib­er­ately selected a CCR5 delta-32 pos­i­tive donor for the stem cells used for the trans­plant. Dr. Gupta, quoted in the fol­low­ing arti­cle, won­ders why more pub­lic­ity wasn’t afforded this event. Why indeed?

A Foley [Alabama] physi­cian said what appears to be the first case of HIV/AIDS cure in the world is get­ting lit­tle men­tion in the media.

Dr. Awad­hesh K. Gupta, med­ical direc­tor at Foley Walk-In Med Care, said he first heard of the med­ical break­through in April when he attended the Annual Con­fer­ence of the Amer­i­can Col­lege of Physi­cians in Inter­nal Med­i­cine in Philadelphia.

It’s a con­fer­ence Gupta tries to attend every year.

“This is the most pres­ti­gious orga­ni­za­tion of physi­cians in Inter­nal Med­i­cine and is respon­si­ble for cer­ti­fy­ing post grad­u­ate train­ing in Inter­nal Med­i­cine. It is also one of the old­est,” he said.

Accord­ing to Gupta, who has been prac­tic­ing med­i­cine in the South Bald­win area since 1997, the cure was first reported in early 2008 by a group of physi­cians from Ger­many at the annual con­fer­ence on “Retro­viruses and Oppor­tunis­tic Infec­tions” in Boston. The New Eng­land Jour­nal of Med­i­cine, one of the most pres­ti­gious med­ical jour­nals in the world, finally pub­lished the report in its Feb. 12, 2009, issue, Gupta said.

So why has the news of the first case of HIV/AIDS cure received so lit­tle atten­tion where the pub­lic is concerned?

“I can’t be sure as to why so lit­tle pub­lic­ity,” Gupta said recently.

“My guess is that most sci­en­tific researchers are some­what stunned that a clin­i­cian — not a research sci­en­tist — has been able to come up with the cure. Most of the big research money and big name Amer­i­can insti­tu­tions are some­what embar­rassed to acknowl­edge that the very first case of HIV cure is not com­ing from their institutions.”

The cure, instead, is com­ing from Char­ity Uni­ver­sity Hos­pi­tal in Berlin, Ger­many, and the doc­tor is Gero Huet­ter, who works in the Depart­ment of Hema­tol­ogy, Oncol­ogy and Trans­fu­sion Med­i­cine at the same hospital.

Asked about the reac­tion of atten­dees at the med­ical con­fer­ence in Philadel­phia as regarded the news of an HIV/AIDS cure, Gupta said, “Unfor­tu­nately, because of the hec­tic sched­ule, I did not try to engage too many physi­cians. How­ever, the doc­tor pre­sent­ing this infor­ma­tion seemed extremely excited about it.”

As Gupta explains the case and cure in ques­tion, a 40-year-old Amer­i­can work­ing in Berlin had been HIV-positive for 10 years. The patient’s HIV infec­tion had been under con­trol for four years with “con­ven­tional HAART treat­ment reg­i­men” (Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy).

When the patient devel­oped leukemia, how­ever, a bone mar­row trans­plant of stem cells was done using stan­dard pro­to­col, which Gupta said includes radi­a­tion ther­apy and chemother­apy prior to the transplant.

“Remem­ber, once you stop HIV drugs, the HIV viral count rises very rapidly, usu­ally within a few days to a week,” Gupta said.

Accord­ing to Gupta, Huet­ter, the Ger­man physi­cian treat­ing the Amer­i­can, delib­er­ately chose a stem cell donor who had a gene muta­tion known as “CCR-5 Delta– 32,” rather than using the best matched donor.

Gupta said Huet­ter remem­bered research first observed in 1996 — research Gupta said is well known in the sci­en­tific com­mu­nity. That research found that cer­tain gay men in the San Fran­cisco area remained unin­fected with HIV in spite of engag­ing in risky sex­ual activ­i­ties. As it was later dis­cov­ered, those men had the CCR-5 Delta-32 gene mutation.

As it turned out, the patient’s stem cell trans­plant was a suc­cess, Gupta said, even though the patient had to have a sec­ond stem cell trans­plant (from the same donor) when his leukemia relapsed.

“This patient has been off all his HIV drugs for two years now,” Gupta said. “He con­tin­ues to show no detectable signs of HIV in all the known places HIV is detected — no signs of HIV in his blood, bone mar­row, lymph nodes, intestines or brain.” Also, the patient’s T-cell count remains normal.

Thus, accord­ing to Gupta, within the lim­its of sci­en­tists’ abil­ity to detect HIV, it appears this patient’s HIV has been “eradicated.”. . .

“Local Physician:HIV/AIDS Cure Get­ting Lit­tle Pub­lic­ity” by Bob Mor­gan; baldwincountynow.com; 5/27/2009.

10. The dev­as­tat­ing impli­ca­tions of the find­ings dis­cussed above were elo­quently pre­sented in an online editorial:

“This is the night­mare of AIDS no one wants to believe. As we come closer to cel­e­brat­ing, on Decem­ber 1, yet another World AIDS Day, let’s take a good hard look at what’s really going on before we pour more of our ever dimin­ish­ing hard earned money down yet another hor­ren­dous sink­hole. It has been found that some Cau­casians who have tested pos­i­tive for the HIV virus were found to take a very long time to actu­ally develop ‘full-blown’ AIDS (as they call it). It has since been dis­cov­ered (since 1997) that 20% of Euro­pean Cau­casians have the so-called ‘Aryan’ genetic dis­po­si­tion. If both your par­ents, in other words, are of Aryan descent, it appears you can never die of AIDS even though you might be infected.”

(“Aryan Genes Immune to Death from AIDS” by geminiwalker_ink; p. 1.)

11. “The rea­son for this is in the genetic cod­ing of the killer T-cells, which are part of the body’s immune sys­tem pro­tec­tive shield. These are the cells that are attacked by the HIV retro­virus. The loca­tion of the attack has been dis­cov­ered. It is on the CCR5 gene in the 3rd DNA gene pair. The par­tic­u­lar loca­tion is the Delta 32 RECEPTOR SITE. If either of your DNA pairs (from either your mother or your father) is DELTA 32 POSITIVE then the HIV virus can attach itself at that point. If you are DELTA 32 NEGATIVE then HIV just floats around in your blood harm­lessly for you.”

(Idem.)

12. “But even though you may be DELTA 32 NEGATIVE at both sites, you can sup­pos­edly still spread the virus. What has been dis­cov­ered is that these 20% of Euro­pean Cau­casians are mem­bers of the Aryan gene pool. Also it has been dis­cov­ered that the far­ther north you go in Europe, say in Nor­way, Fin­land, Swe­den, etc., you find the high­est per­cent­age of peo­ple that are DELTA 32 NEGATIVE at the CCR5 gene allele.”

(Idem.)

13a. “That this would be a sim­ple coin­ci­dence is beyond all human rea­son. To say that HIV sud­denly crawled out of the wood­work in Cen­tral Africa by some­one being bit­ten by a green tree mon­key is one thing. But then to say that the only human gene pool on Earth that is immune to HIV is the Aryan Race is a coin­ci­dence that even Howdy Doody wouldn’t buy.”

(Idem.)

13b.The pro­gram presents infor­ma­tion about a hered­i­tary sus­cep­ti­bil­ity to HIV infec­tion among peo­ple of African extraction. For more about AIDS as a prod­uct of bio­log­i­cal war­fare research, see–among other programs–FTR#’s 16, 19, as well as AFA#16. (Note: this was inserted into the post on 6/11/2009.)

“An inter­na­tional team of AIDS sci­en­tists has dis­cov­ered that a gene vari­ant com­mon in blacks pro­tects against cer­tain types of malaria but increases sus­cep­ti­bil­ity to HIV infec­tion by 40 percent.

Researchers, keen to find some bio­log­i­cal clues to explain why peo­ple of African descent are bear­ing a dis­pro­por­tion­ate share of the world’s AIDS cases, sus­pect this sub­tle genetic trait — found in 60 per­cent of Amer­i­can blacks and 90 per­cent of Africans — might partly explain the difference.

Ten per­cent of the world’s pop­u­la­tion lives in sub-Saharan Africa, but that region accounts for 70 per­cent of the men, women and chil­dren liv­ing with HIV infec­tion. In the United States, African Amer­i­cans make up 12 per­cent of the pop­u­la­tion but account for half of newly diag­nosed HIV infections. . . .”

“New­found Genetic Clue to HIV Rate Among Blacks” by Sabin Rus­sell; San Fran­cisco Chron­i­cle; 7/17/08; p. A1.

14. Clar­i­fy­ing and refin­ing the dis­cus­sion about CCR5-delta 32, this descrip­tion presents infor­ma­tion from an arti­cle not included in the orig­i­nal broad­cast. Note that this story claims that 10%–not 20%–of North­ern Euro­peans carry that gene. The arti­cle also asserts that what has become known as “the plague” that rav­aged Europe cen­turies ago was actu­ally a series of epi­demics of a viral hem­or­rhagic fever, not the “Bubonic Plague.”

“Sci­en­tists have known for some time that these indi­vid­u­als carry a genetic muta­tion (known as CCR5-delta 32) that pre­vents the virus from enter­ing the cells of the immune sys­tem but have been unable to account for the high lev­els of the gene in Scan­di­navia and rel­a­tively low lev­els in areas bor­der­ing the Mediter­ranean. They have also been puz­zled by the fact that HIV emerged only recently and could not have played a role in rais­ing the fre­quency of the muta­tion to the high lev­els found in some Euro­peans today. Pro­fes­sor Christo­pher Dun­can and Dr Susan Scott from the University’s School of Bio­log­i­cal Sci­ences, whose research is pub­lished in the March edi­tion of Jour­nal of Med­ical Genet­ics, attribute the fre­quency of the CCR5-delta 32 muta­tion to its pro­tec­tion from another deadly viral dis­ease, act­ing over a sus­tained period in bygone his­toric times. Some sci­en­tists have sug­gested this dis­ease could have been small­pox or even bubonic plague but bubonic plague is a bac­te­r­ial dis­ease rather than a virus and is not blocked by the CCR5-delta 32 muta­tion. Pro­fes­sor Dun­can com­mented: ‘The fact that the CCR5-delta 32 muta­tion is restricted to Europe sug­gests that the plagues of the Mid­dle Ages played a big part in rais­ing the fre­quency of the muta­tion. These plagues were also con­fined to Europe, per­sisted for more than 300 years and had a 100% case mortality.’”

(“Biol­o­gists Dis­cover Why 10 Per­cent Of Euro­peans Are Safe From HIV Infec­tion” [Uni­ver­sity of Liv­er­pool]; Sci­ence Daily; 4/3/2005.)

15. The pas­sage that fol­lows fur­ther clar­i­fies the nature of the epi­demics that dec­i­mated the pop­u­la­tion of Europe. Accord­ing to the authors, the the­ory that the “plagues” were actu­ally Bubonic Plague gained accep­tance around 1900. Prior to that, the hem­or­rhagic fever the­ory was predominant.

“Around 1900, his­to­ri­ans spread the idea that the plagues of Europe were not a directly infec­tious dis­ease but were out­breaks of bubonic plague, over­turn­ing an accepted belief that had stood for 550 years. Pro­fes­sor Dun­can and Dr Scott illus­trated in their book, Return of the Black Death (2004, Wiley), that this idea was incor­rect and the plagues of Europe (1347–1660) were in fact a con­tin­u­ing series of epi­demics of a lethal, viral, haem­or­rhagic fever that used the CCR5 as an entry port into the immune sys­tem. Using com­puter mod­el­ing, they demon­strated how this dis­ease pro­vided the selec­tion pres­sure that forced up the fre­quency of the muta­tion from 1 in 20,000 at the time of the Black Death to val­ues today of 1 in 10. . . .”

(Idem.)

16. Next, the pro­gram turns to dis­cus­sion of the intro­duc­tion into the United States of Erich Traub, accord­ing to cred­i­ble sources one of the prin­ci­pal direc­tors of bac­te­ri­o­log­i­cal and viro­log­i­cal war­fare for Nazi Ger­many. In order to under­stand how Erich Traub came to the United States, it is impor­tant to under­stand Project Paper­clip. The pro­gram begins with a syn­op­tic account of that project and how its pros­e­cu­tion led to Traub’s entry to the United States and his involve­ment with the fed­eral Plum Island ani­mal research laboratory:

“Near­ing the end of World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union raced to recruit Ger­man sci­en­tists for post­war pur­poses. Under a top-secret pro­gram code-named Project PAPERCLIP, the U.S. mil­i­tary pur­sued Nazi sci­en­tific tal­ent ‘like for­bid­den fruit,’ bring­ing them to Amer­ica under employ­ment con­tracts and offer­ing them full U.S. cit­i­zen­ship. The recruits were sup­posed to be nom­i­nal par­tic­i­pants in Nazi activ­i­ties. But the zeal­ous mil­i­tary recruited more than two thou­sand sci­en­tists, many of whom had dark Nazi party pasts.”

(Lab 257: the Dis­turb­ing Story of the Government’s Secret Plum Island Germ Lab­o­ra­tory; by Michael Christo­pher Car­roll; Copy­right 2004 by Michael Christo­pher Car­roll; Harper­Collins [HC]; p. 7.)

17. It is inter­est­ing to note that the Third Reich’s bio­log­i­cal war­fare pro­gram had the cover name of “Can­cer Research Pro­gram.” (In AFA#16—avail­able from Spitfire—as well as FTR#’s 16, 73, we look at the National Can­cer Institute’s Spe­cial Viral Can­cer Research Pro­gram and the evi­dence sug­gest­ing that the project was actu­ally a front for the con­tin­u­a­tion of bio­log­i­cal war­fare research. Erich Traub appears to have been involved with the projects related to the SVCRP.)

“ . . . Every­body seemed will­ing to for­get about Erich Traub’s dirty past—that he played a cru­cial role in the Nazis’ ‘Can­cer Research Pro­gram,’ the cover name for their bio­log­i­cal war­fare pro­gram, and that he worked directly under SS Reichs­fuhrer Hein­rich Himm­ler. They seemed will­ing to over­look that Traub in the 1930’s faith­fully attended Camp Sigfried. In fact, the USDA liked him so much, it glossed over his dubi­ous past and offered him the top sci­en­tist job at the new Plum Island Laboratory—not once, but twice. Just months after the 1952 pub­lic hear­ings on select­ing Plum Island, Doc Sha­han dialed Dr. Traub at the naval lab­o­ra­tory to dis­cuss plans for estab­lish­ing the germ lab­o­ra­tory and a posi­tion on Plum Island.”

(Ibid.; p. 10.)

18. Turn­ing to a pri­mary area of the­o­ret­i­cal inquiry, the pro­gram notes that the Nazis began research­ing toxic agents on apes and then moved on to humans—inmates in con­cen­tra­tion camps. AIDS results from a mon­key virus that even­tu­ally jumped to humans as well. Does the pro­gres­sion in the Nazi death camps of test­ing on apes to test­ing on humans have any rela­tion­ship with the pro­gres­sion of a simian virus to infec­tion of humans? Might the cre­ation of AIDS have stemmed from Nazi research? Is it an acci­dent that the hered­i­tary immu­nity from HIV infec­tion is only present in the white race, and [accord­ing to some sources] North­ern Euro­peans in particular?

“Guinea pigs and white rats, ani­mals tra­di­tion­ally used for test­ing pur­poses, were deemed inad­e­quate for mea­sur­ing the effect of the nerve gases on humans. Early in the war, it was decided to sub­sti­tute apes, whose bio­log­i­cal reac­tions to such gases were believed to be more like those of human beings. How­ever, apes were not read­ily avail­able in Ger­many, and Speer’s office sup­plied 200,000 Swiss francs, a pre­cious for­eign cur­rency, to buy them in Spain. They were trans­ported to Ger­many with great dif­fi­culty; many died before the exper­i­ments were con­cluded (TWC I, p. 351, Brandt Doc­u­ment Book 12, Defense Exhibit 11). Even­tu­ally it was decided to exper­i­ment on con­cen­tra­tion camp Jews. It is sus­pected that the test­ing of I.G.‘s poi­son gases on humans was known in the high­est ech­e­lons of I.G. After the war, Georg von Schnit­zler swore that Ambros, Schmitz, and Ter Meer were aware of these activ­i­ties. Accord­ing to British intel­li­gence, one of them was reported to have ‘jus­ti­fied the exper­i­ments not only on the grounds that the inmates of con­cen­tra­tion camps would have been killed any­way by the Nazis, but also on the grounds that the exper­i­ments had a human­i­tar­ian aspect in that the lives of count­less Ger­man work­ers were saved thereby’ (Hear­ings before a Sub­com­mit­tee of the Com­mit­tee on Mil­i­tary Affairs, U.S. Sen­ate, 79th Con­gress, 1st Ses­sion (1945), pur­suant to S. Res. 107 and 146, Elim­i­na­tion of Ger­man Resources for War, part X, p. 1276)”

(The Crime and Pun­ish­ment of I.G. Far­ben; Joseph Borkin; Copy­right 1978 [HC] by The Free Press [a divi­sion of MacMil­lan]; ISBN 0–02-904630–0; p. 132.)

19. Turn­ing to a pri­mary ele­ment of analy­sis, the pro­gram sets forth the career of an inter­est­ing and [pos­si­bly] very sig­nif­i­cant indi­vid­ual. Franz Liesau Zacharias was a Ger­man intel­li­gence agent sta­tioned in Spain. Among the duties he per­formed for the Nazis was obtain­ing ani­mals, includ­ing apes, for exper­i­men­tal pur­poses. Note that the ani­mals were to be used in exper­i­ments used for devel­op­ing dis­eases for test­ing on con­cen­tra­tion inmates.

“One tor­tured French cit­i­zens in ice baths. Another was a Gestapo agent who packed bombs into crates of Span­ish oranges bound for Eng­land. They were just two of 104 Nazi secret agents in Spain whom the Allies sought near the end of World War II. But Span­ish dic­ta­tor Fran­cisco Franco—Adolf Hitler’s ally—refused to hand them over, accord­ing to an inves­tiga­tive report by El País, a Madrid news­pa­per. . . .Another agent was Franz Liesau Zacharias, whose job fori Hitler’s Abwehr spy agency was to obtain mon­keys and other ani­mals from Spain’s colonies in Africa. The ani­mals used for exper­i­ments in Ger­many aimed at man­u­fac­tur­ing killer dis­eases that were to be unleashed on con­cen­tra­tion camp inmates, El Pais reported. . . .”

(“Report: Spain Pro­tected Under­cover Nazis from Allies” by Cia­ran Giles [AP]; Asso­ci­ated Press; 3/31/1997.)

20. Among the dis­eases that Liesau Zacharias’ ani­mals were used for test­ing was “the plague”! Did the Nazis note that some peo­ple appeared to be immune to infec­tion with plague? Were tis­sue sam­ples taken and pre­served for fur­ther study? Was this in any way con­nected to the even­tual evo­lu­tion of the CCR5-delta 32 gene as a hered­i­tary pro­tec­tion against infec­tion by HIV? Is it pos­si­ble that Liesau Zacharias was actu­ally tar­geted for recruit­ment by the U.S. for Project Paper­clip, like Erich Traub?

“ . . . Another ‘Ger­man on the list is Franz Liesau Zacharias, who died in Madrid in 1992 at the age of 84. A mem­ber of the Ger­man mil­i­tary intel­li­gence agency, the Abwehr, he had been in charge of obtain­ing ani­mals in Span­ish ter­ri­to­ries in Africa for exper­i­ments in Ger­many, the allies said. These exper­i­ments included ‘spread­ing hor­rific dis­eases, such as the plague, in con­cen­tra­tion camps,’ the news­pa­per said. . . . It added that man of those on the list started up busi­nesses in Spain after the war, mainly in the Basque country. . . .”

(“Span­ish News­pa­per Pub­lishes List of Nazis Pro­tected by Franco”; Agence France Presse [Eng­lish]; 3/30/1997.)

21. Of con­sid­er­able inter­est is the fact that Zacharias founded a com­pany that sold elec­tronic eaves­drop­ping equip­ment to the Span­ish intel­li­gence ser­vice of Fran­cisco Franco, a doc­tri­naire fas­cist and admirer of Hitler. This is sig­nif­i­cant for our pur­poses, because this indi­cates that Zacharias remained active in a reac­tionary polit­i­cal capac­ity for decades after the end of the war. Note that Zacharias’ sons took over his busi­ness and were inves­ti­gated by the inter­na­tion­ally famous Span­ish jurist Balthasar Gar­zon (known for indict­ing both Chilean dic­ta­tor Augusto Pinochet and Henry Kissinger.) The sons pro­vided an alto­gether unsat­is­fac­tory expla­na­tion for their pres­ence at the scene of the shoot­ing of a cou­ple of “parliamentarians.”

“A pre­sumed agent of Nazi intel­li­gence was the pres­i­dent of the com­pany that pro­vided to the Cesid [Span­ish intel­li­gence ser­vice] all of its eaves­drop­ping equip­ment. Franz Liesau Zacharias was pres­i­dent of the com­pany. . . (SIAISA) until his death in Decem­ber of 1992. Since then the com­pany has been presided over by his son Chris­t­ian Liesau Von Let­tow and the vice-president is his other son Fran­cisco Ger­ald. . . Also on the company’s reg­istry is the Nazi’s daugh­ter Corina and his widow Sitta Von Let­tow Vor­beck. . . . When World War II fin­ished, the Franco regime pro­tected [him] and pre­vented his deliv­ery to the Allies. Now, the World has doc­u­men­ta­tion that demon­strates that, dur­ing the ‘80’s, it main­tained its rela­tion­ship with the Span­ish secret ser­vices. In par­tic­u­lar, his [Zacharias’] com­pany was its main sup­plier of lis­ten­ing equip­ment and main­tained mag­nif­i­cent rela­tions with the then head of the Span­ish secret ser­vices, gen­eral Alonso Manglano. . . Chris­t­ian Liesau Von Let­tow Vor­beck, son of the pre­sumed Nazi agent and present [1997] pres­i­dent of SIAISA, had to tes­tify before judge Balthasar Gar­zon in 1989. And accord­ing to the doc­u­men­ta­tion that now is in pos­ses­sion of the World, he did not tes­tify hon­estly. Chris­t­ian Liesau was, on the night of Novem­ber 20, 1989, in the Basque restau­rant on Alcala street in Madrid. While he dined with friends, within a few meters of the office of the com­pany that his father and pre­sumed Nazi agent presided over, two indi­vid­u­als shot at sev­eral elected par­lia­men­tar­i­ans of Herri Bata­suna, killing Josu Mugu­ruza and severely wound­ing Inaki Esnaola. . . . The indus­tri­al­ist [Chris­t­ian Liesau] declared he was acci­den­tally on the premises and that his com­pany was ded­i­cated to mak­ing clocks, omit­ting the fact that the com­pany was the sup­plier of equip­ment for the Span­ish secret ser­vices and State Secu­rity Forces . . . espe­cially those of the Depart­ment of the Inte­rior, such as the National Police and the Civil Guard.”

(“A Pre­sumed Nazi Agent Directed the Com­pany that Pro­vided the Lis­ten­ing Dev­ides to the Cesid” by Fer­nando Garea and Fer­nando Lazaro; El Mundo; 4/13/1997.)

22. It is also sig­nif­i­cant that Siaisa was begun in 1944, as the Third Reich was prepar­ing to go under­ground. Taken in com­bi­na­tion with the company’s work with Span­ish intel­li­gence, this sug­gests that Siaisa was part of the Under­ground Reich. (For more about the Third Reich’s prepa­ra­tions to go under­ground, see both Paul Manning’s Mar­tin Bor­mann: Nazi in Exile and Curt Reiss’ The Nazis Go Under­ground, avail­able on this website.

“Grupo Siaisa con­sists of two main com­pa­nies: Siaisa and Trade­se­gur. Siaisa is a com­pany that was estab­lished in 1944. . . .”

(“[New] Cus­tomers; accessed at: http://www.watermark.eu/pt/pages/customers/profiles/siaisa.html.)

23. The pro­found rela­tion­ship between the post­war Nazi under­ground and the Span­ish intel­li­gence ser­vices is exem­pli­fied by the influ­ence of ODESSA king­pin Otto Sko­rzeny on the DGS. It is in this con­text that one should view Siaisa’s rela­tion­ship with Span­ish intel­li­gence. (For more about Sko­rzeny, his rela­tion­ship with the Rein­hard Gehlen spy out­fit and the post­war Nazi under­ground, see—among other programs—FTR#558.)

“ . . . Gehlen sang to the tune of more than one piper, hav­ing remained in touch with the old Nazi hier­ar­chy, relo­cated in Latin Amer­ica, whose coor­di­na­tor, Otto Sko­rzeny, was in Spain. Sko­rzeny had infil­trated the Span­ish intel­li­gence agency DGS, and effec­tively con­trolled it sin­gle handedly. . . .”

(The Great Heroin Coup: Drugs, Intel­li­gence and Inter­na­tional Fas­cism; by Hen­rik Kruger; South End Press [SC]; Copy­right 1980 by South End Press; ISBN 0–89608-031–5 [paper]; p. 205.)

24. Next, the show exam­ines the polit­i­cal his­tory of Dr. Wolf Szmuness, the devel­oper of the exper­i­men­tal Hepati­tis B vac­cine that appears to have been a major vec­tor for the delib­er­ate spread­ing of the AIDS virus.

“Szmuness, a Jew born in Poland in 1919, was a young med­ical stu­dent in Lublin in east­ern Poland when the Nazis attacked that coun­try in the sum­mer of 1939. When Poland was quickly par­ti­tioned by Ger­many and Rus­sia, Szmuness was sent to Siberia as a pris­oner. His fam­ily in west­ern Poland were all mur­dered by the Nazis in the Holo­caust. Szmuness’ years in exile in Siberia were ‘a long, dark period that he was most reluc­tant to talk about.’”

(AIDS and the Doc­tors of Death; by Dr. Alan Cantwell; Aries Ris­ing Press [HC]; Copy­right by Alan Cantwell; ISBN 0–917211-00–6; p. 102.)

25. A care­ful exam­i­na­tion of Szmuness’ cur­ricu­lum vitae sug­gests very strongly that he was a crea­ture of the intel­li­gence agen­cies. Such is the case with the Pope as well.

“After release from deten­tion in 1946, he was some­how allowed to fin­ish his med­ical edu­ca­tion in Tomsk in cen­tral Rus­sia. While a stu­dent, he mar­ried a Russ­ian woman. He spe­cial­ized in epi­demi­ol­ogy, and when his wife con­tracted a nearly fatal case of hepati­tis, Szmuness decided that the study of that dis­ease would be his life’s work. In 1959, the Sovi­ets allowed him and his fam­ily to return to Poland ‘where he held a series of minor posi­tions as an epi­demi­ol­o­gist in munic­i­pal and regional health departments.’”

(Idem.)

26. A fas­ci­nat­ing con­nec­tion con­cerns Szmuness’ life-long friend­ship with Carol Wojtyla, the Pol­ish priest who became Pope. Note that John Paul’s polit­i­cal his­tory sug­gests very strongly that he, too, was an oper­a­tive of the Under­ground Reich.)

“Dur­ing this time, he told Kell­ner ‘an inter­est­ing story.’ Due to exhaus­tion and stress from work, he applied to the author­i­ties for a vaca­tion at a rest home. Szmuness was allowed to share a room with a Catholic priest. A remark­able friend­ship devel­oped and the two men cor­re­sponded ‘for a long time there­after.’ The Pol­ish priest even­tu­ally became the first Pol­ish Pope in Catholic his­tory: the cur­rent, anti-communist and anti-gay Pope John Paul II.”

(Ibid.; pp. 102–103.)

27. “In 1969, in another strange twist of fate, the com­mu­nists allowed Szmuness and his wife and daugh­ter to attend a sci­en­tific meet­ing in Italy. While there, he and his fam­ily defected to the West. . . . He arrived in Man­hat­tan with $15 in his pocket. Through the inter­ven­tion of Walsh McDer­mott, Pro­fes­sor of Pub­lic Health at New York Hospital—Cornell Med­ical Cen­ter, Szmuness mirac­u­lously secured a posi­tion as a ‘lab tech’ at the New York City Blood Center.”

(Ibid.; p. 103.)

28. “Within a few years, Szmuness was given his own lab, and a sep­a­rate depart­ment of epi­demi­ol­ogy at the Cen­ter was cre­ated for him. ‘In what must be record time, he was leap-frogged to full Pro­fes­sor­ship at the Colum­bia School of Pub­lic Health.’”

(Idem.)

29. “By the mid-70’s, he was a world author­ity on hepati­tis and ‘trans­fu­sion med­i­cine.’ In another unbe­liev­able occur­rence, he was invited back to Moscow in 1975 to give a sci­en­tific pre­sen­ta­tion. As a defec­tor he was ter­ri­fied to set foot in the Soviet Union, but his col­leagues assured him he would have the full pro­tec­tion of the State Depart­ment. He finally agreed to go, and his return to Russ­ian was a sci­en­tific triumph.”

(Idem.)

30. Szmuness’ hepati­tis B vac­cine was admin­is­tered in South Africa, one of the areas most severely rav­aged by AIDS.

“By the late 1970’s, he had been awarded mil­lions of dol­lars in grant money and was ‘phe­nom­e­nally suc­cess­ful’ in his hepati­tis work which had tremen­dous ‘global impli­ca­tions.’ Szmuness’ mete­oric and unprece­dented rise to world promi­nence was halted by his death from can­cer in 1982. (A 1983 paper pub­lished after his death detailed a new exper­i­men­tal hepati­tis B vac­cine pro­gram in Kang­wane that would use Black South African infants as exper­i­men­tal subjects.)”

(Ibid.; pp. 103–104.)

31. “As a defec­tor, could Szmuness have been a Russ­ian agent? Or could he have been play­ing both sides of the field by work­ing as a ‘double-agent’ for Amer­i­can and the Soviet Union? His life story was proof that he was hon­ored by both coun­tries. Although the sci­en­tific world would undoubt­edly laugh at these ques­tions, Szmuness’ pro­fes­sional life in the com­mu­nist and the free-world was filled with the odd­est of cir­cum­stances and coincidences.”

(Ibid.; p. 104.)

32. “As a pre­cau­tion against escape, it is my under­stand­ing that poten­tial defec­tors from com­mu­nist coun­tries are never allowed the oppor­tu­nity to travel out­side the coun­try with their entire fam­ily. Yet, Szmuness defected with his fam­ily in tow. After defect­ing, how was it pos­si­ble to arrange his safe return to Rus­sia ‘to present a sci­en­tific paper.’ Undoubt­edly, coop­er­a­tion at the high­est lev­els of both gov­ern­ments was nec­es­sary to accom­plish this feat.”

(Idem.)

33. In a spec­u­la­tive note, the broad­cast high­lights the fact that a native of South Africa was in charge of the reg­u­la­tory stan­dards for Amer­i­can vac­cine man­u­fac­ture. It is against the back­ground of viral con­t­a­m­i­na­tion (delib­er­ate and acci­den­tal) of vac­cines that Mr. Emory has set forth spec­u­la­tive inquiries into the ori­gins of both AIDS and a soft-tissue can­cer epi­demic [appar­ently] gen­er­ated by a cancer-causing mon­key virus, SV-40. In FTR 225, we noted the Nazi ori­gins of the Broeder­bond, the fas­cist orga­ni­za­tion that was the epi­cen­ter of polit­i­cal power in South Africa’s apartheid era. In effect, the apartheid regime of South Africa was an exten­sion of the Third Reich. Is there any link between Mr. Murray’s pres­ence in a key posi­tion at the National Insti­tutes of Health, the Nazi/apartheid regime of South Africa, the Under­ground Reich, the cre­ation of AIDS and/or the con­t­a­m­i­na­tion of the polio and other vac­cines with SV-40?

“ . . . The bureau­cratic makeover occa­sioned by the Cut­ter inci­dent extended deep into the NIH. In mid­sum­mer, the Lab­o­ra­tory of Bio­log­ics Con­trol was dis­man­tled and revamped as the Divi­sion of Bio­logic Stan­dards (or ‘DB S’); the new agency had nearly triple the num­ber of staff mem­bers as the old LBC. . . Work­man, even though he had been per­sis­tently skep­ti­cal of Salk’s vac­cine, was not named as head of the DBS. He was, instead, ousted in favor of his for­mer assis­tant Rod­er­ick Mur­ray. Mur­ray, a native of South Africa, was a tac­i­turn, inscrutable, and exceed­ingly cau­tious leader; under his direc­tion the DBS con­tin­ued to live under the cloud of Cut­ter and proved unwilling—some crit­ics would say afraid—to make most any changes in gov­ern­ment poli­cies regard­ing polio vac­cine reg­u­la­tion for his entire decade-and-a-half tenure. [Ital­ics are Mr. Emory’.] As a result, the United States would lag far behind West­ern Europe in adopt­ing advances in vac­cine safety. . .”

(The Virus and the Vac­cine; Deb­bie Bookchin and Jim Schu­macher; St. Martin’s Press [HC]; Copy­right 2004 by Deb­bie Bookchin and Jim Schu­macher; ISBN 0–312-27872–1; p. 56.)

34. In the suc­cess­ful flight cap­i­tal pro­gram of the Nazis, Reich­sleiter Matin Bor­mann set up 750 cor­po­ra­tions in neu­tral coun­tries, and these became repos­i­to­ries for the liq­uid wealth of the Third Reich. Over­seas sub­sidiaries of key Ger­man cor­po­ra­tions were also cen­tral to the real­iza­tion of the Bor­mann assets. Note that the Merck firm was one of these companies.

Although the Ger­man Merck firm tech­ni­cally sep­a­rated from the Amer­i­can Merck at the end of World War I, the two com­pa­nies remained close. The Amer­i­can Merck was very much involved with the man­u­fac­ture of the exper­i­men­tal hepatitis-B vac­cine that appears to have been a major vec­tor for the delib­er­ate spread­ing of AIDS. The Ger­man Merck is an inte­gral part of the Under­ground Reich.

“The move­ment of Ger­man assets into Switzer­land had also gone well, Bor­mann noted from his reports. Flight cap­i­tal invest­ments had been accom­plished prin­ci­pally through the estab­lish­ment of sub­sidiaries of pow­er­ful Ger­man firms. Over half of the total Ger­man cap­i­tal in Switzer­land was used in set­ting up hold­ing com­pa­nies rep­re­sent­ing I.G. Far­ben, Merck, Siemens, Osram, Henkel, and oth­ers. A hold­ing com­pany may not trade in any form. It may only hold stock in other com­pa­nies, but through this device the exist­ing Ger­man firms, and the 750 new cor­po­ra­tions estab­lished under the Bor­mann pro­gram, gave them­selves absolute con­trol over a post­war eco­nomic net­work of viable, pros­per­ous com­pa­nies that stretched from the Ruhr to the ‘neu­trals’ of Europe and to the coun­tries of South Amer­ica; a con­trol that con­tin­ues today and is eas­ily main­tained through the bearer bonds or shares issued by these cor­po­ra­tions to cloak for real own­er­ship. Bearer shares require no reg­is­tra­tion of iden­tity, for such shares are exactly what they mean; the bearer of the major­ity shares con­trols the com­pany with­out need­ing a ves­tige of proof as to how he acquired them. Thus the Ger­mans who par­tic­i­pated as a silent force in Bormann’s post­war com­mer­cial campaign—which is some­times referred to by aging nazis as ‘Oper­a­tion Eagle’s Flight’ or ‘Aktion Adlerflug’—insured their com­mand over the indus­trial and finan­cial insti­tu­tions that were to move the new Fed­eral Repub­lic of Ger­many back into the fore­front of world eco­nomic leadership.”

(Mar­tin Bor­mann: Nazi in Exile; Paul Man­ning; Copy­right 1981 [HC]; Lyle Stu­art Inc.; ISBN 0–8184-0309–8; pp. 134–135.)

35. Added to this descrip­tion in August of 2009 are a series of excerpts from a vitally impor­tant Covert Action Infor­ma­tion Bul­letin arti­cle dis­cussing the close rela­tion­ship between the National Can­cer Institute’s Viral Can­cer Research Pro­gram and indi­vid­u­als and insti­tu­tions involved with bio­log­i­cal war­fare pro­gram. The epi­cen­ter of AIDS research and the “dis­cov­ery” of HIV is the National Can­cer Institute’s Viral Can­cer Pro­gram. In addi­tion to the NCI’s 1971 takeover of Ft. Det­rick (for­merly the Army’s top bio­log­i­cal war­fare facil­ity), the NCI’s VCP uti­lized the Naval Bio­sciences Lab­o­ra­tory in Oak­land, California.

In 1969, Pres­i­dent Richard Nixon ordered a halt to offen­sive bio­log­i­cal war­fare (BW) research and weapons stock­pil­ing by the United States. The U.S. Army destroyed its tox­ins, viruses, and bac­te­ria with heat and dis­in­fec­tants by May 1972; the dis­posal of the sci­en­tific per­son­nel was not so sim­ple. Some of these biowar­riors went to the CIA.2 Oth­ers quickly found new sup­port from the National Can­cer Insti­tute, par­tic­u­larly in its Virus Can­cer Pro­gram (VCP).3 The NCI funded and super­vised some of the same sci­en­tists, uni­ver­si­ties, and con­tract­ing corporations—ostensibly for can­cer research—which had con­ducted bio­log­i­cal war­fare research. Some of these med­ical research con­tracts ran simul­ta­ne­ously with the U.S. bio­log­i­cal war­fare pro­gram. When the mil­i­tary work ended, the civil­ian pro­grams con­tin­ued to expand on the same crit­i­cal areas out­lined by Colonel Tigertt.

The NCI’s Viral Can­cer Program—a highly politi­cized pub­lic rela­tions effort—was launched in 1971 with great fan­fare as part of Nixon’s War on Can­cer. The stated aim of the pro­gram was to orga­nize exper­i­ments aimed at find­ing cancer-causing viruses.

Appar­ently this agenda was com­pat­i­ble with the incor­po­ra­tion into var­i­ous units of the VCP of pos­si­bly dozens of for­mer U.S. BW researchers who con­tin­ued to study top­ics with poten­tial mil­i­tary appli­ca­tion. Poten­tial cancer-causing viruses were col­lected, grown in huge amounts, and dis­trib­uted through the thou­sands of ani­mals were infected exper­i­men­tally, and the aerosol dis­tri­b­u­tion of car­cino­genic viruses was studied.

Two for­mer BW facil­i­ties would play a large part in VCP. The U.S. Army’s Fort Det­rick in Fred­er­ick, Mary­land had been the ‘par­ent research and pilot plant cen­ter for bio­log­i­cal warfare.‘4 Dur­ing the early 1960s, the CIA paid the facil­ity $100,000 a year for BW and chem­i­cal agents and their deliv­ery sys­tems. In Oak­land, Cal­i­for­nia, the Naval Bio­sciences Lab­o­ra­tory was involved in early exper­i­ments with the plague and col­lab­o­rated in mas­sive open-air tests of bio­log­i­cal war­fare ‘sim­u­lants’ in the San Fran­cisco Bay Area in the 1950s. For­mer bio­log­i­cal war­fare spe­cial­ists from both of these cen­ters were deeply involved in all aspects of the VCP. . .”

“Can­cer War­fare: National Can­cer Insti­tute and the Fort Det­rick Link” by Richard Hatch; Covert Action Infor­ma­tion Bul­letin Num­ber 39 (Win­ter 1991–92).

36. The arti­cle details the work done on cancer-causing and immuno­sup­pres­sive viruses at the Naval Bio­sciences Lab­o­ra­tory, par­tially financed by the National Can­cer Insti­tute and man­aged by the Uni­ver­sity of Cal­i­for­nia. Note that the research also involved bubonic plague, of great sig­nif­i­cance to the CCR5-delta 32 gene and HIV immu­nity. Might this have had impli­ca­tions for the devel­op­ment of AIDS?

. . . Less well-known is the fact that UC Berke­ley also helps man­age the Naval Bio­sciences Lab­o­ra­tory (NBL) — ear­lier called the Naval Bio­log­i­cal Lab­o­ra­tory. This con­nec­tion became cen­tral to the VCP and con­tin­ued after the ban on offen­sive BW work.

Well before Pres­i­dent Nixon ordered the con­ver­sion of the U.S. Army BW cen­ter at Fort Det­rick to civil­ian uses in 1971, this mil­i­tary facil­ity was coop­er­at­ing closely with UC.

From 1953 to 1968, the Uni­ver­sity of Cal­i­for­nia, while man­ag­ing the NBL, now at the Naval Sup­ply Cen­ter, also had BW con­tracts with the U.S. Army.5 After U.S treaty oblig­a­tions would have pre­vented open research on mass pro­duc­tion of dan­ger­ous viruses with­out a med­ical ‘cover’; the VCP pro­vided an ideal excuse to study “scale-up” problems.6

One of the first new pri­or­i­ties of the Fort Det­rick facil­ity after the ban was “the large scale pro­duc­tion of onco­genic [cancer-causing] and sus­pected onco­genic viruses.“7 Within a year, the NCI began mass pro­duc­tion and within one fif­teen month period end­ing in June 1977, the VCP pro­duced 60,000 liters of cancer-causing and immuno­sup­pres­sive viruses. [Ital­ics are Mr. Emory’s.]

Through­out the 1970s, U.S. “defen­sive” BW efforts were increas­ingly aimed at the research and devel­op­ment of viral dis­ease agents.8

The ‘seed stocks’ for this mas­sive pro­duc­tion of viruses came from the Cell Cul­ture Lab­o­ra­tory (CCL); the CCL was ‘phys­i­cally located at the Naval Bio­sciences Lab­o­ra­tory (NBL)’ in Oak­land, California.9 Because this lab­o­ra­tory was financed in part by the NCI and linked to UC, it would become a clear­ing­house and cen­tral repos­i­tory for vast quan­ti­ties of poten­tially cancer-causing tis­sues and the tis­sues that might con­tain them. Thus, after the ban, the Naval Bio­sciences Lab at UC con­tin­ued exper­i­men­ta­tion on bio­log­i­cal agents, but under the guise of ‘defen­sive’ research.

The VCP con­tract ran con­cur­rently with the NBL’s work on bubonic plague, Rift Val­ley and meningitis. . . .

Idem.

37. The National Can­cer Institute’s Viral Can­cer Research Pro­gram main­tained its Cell Cul­ture Lab­o­ra­tory under the aus­pices of the Naval Bio­sciences Lab­o­ra­tory, super­vised by two vet­er­ans of Fort Detrick!

The NBL/Cell Cul­ture Lab­o­ra­tory project was super­vised for the VCP by Drs. James Duff and Jack Gruber.12 Duff had been at Fort Det­rick for 12 years join­ing the NCI. His biog­ra­phy lists research into clostrid­ium bot­u­linum toxins.13 Bot­u­linum tox­ins cause bot­u­lism and are among the most toxic sub­stances known. It was dur­ing Duff’s tenure at Fort Det­rick that the U.S. Army stock­piled bot­u­linum toxin weapons.14 There, too, the inten­sive study of psit­ta­co­sis, or “par­rot fever,” resulted in the acci­den­tal infec­tion of at least 12 workers15 while Duff was work­ing there. After serv­ing for eight years at Fort Det­rick, Gru­ber moved to the NCI. His biog­ra­phy lists work on “arthropod-borne viruses.“16 The U.S. stock­piled BW weapons based on one arthropod-borne virus and stud­ied many oth­ers. He soon became Chair of the Pro­gram Resources and Logis­tics Advi­sory Group of the VCP, where he helped coor­di­nate projects involv­ing pro­duc­tion of viruses, pro­vi­sion of test ani­mals and the ‘bio­haz­ard safety pro­gram.’ 17 In 1984, Gru­ber became head of the Can­cer Eti­ol­ogy Divi­sion of the NIH. . . .

Idem.

38. Another bio­log­i­cal war­fare vet­eran who was involved with the NCI’s Viral Can­cer Research Program.

. . . The NCI project offi­cer and for­mer U.S. Air Force virol­o­gist, Dr. Alfred Hell­man, worked with Mark Chatigny, a research engi­neer at NBL and mem­ber of the NCI bio­haz­ards work group from the NBL. 19 Hell­man also over­saw the 1971 $100,000 NBL study on the “phys­i­cal and bio­log­i­cal char­ac­ter­is­tics of viral aerosols..” In 1961, the NBL had done sim­i­lar research for Fort Det­rick on the “sta­bil­ity and vir­u­lence of BW aerosols.“20 Chatigny’s NBL research into aerosol dis­tri­b­u­tion of viruses would con­tinue into the 1980s. . .

Idem.

39. In addi­tion to Duff, Gru­ber and Hell­man, Dr. Richard Griese­mer was another bio­log­i­cal war­fare research vet­eran who went to work for the National Can­cer Institute.

. . . Before he worked with UC, Dr. Hell­man super­vised an NCI con­tract for Ohio State Uni­ver­sity. Designed to study the aerosol trans­mis­sion of cancer-causing viruses, this research started in 1965 and con­tin­ued at least until 1972. The prin­ci­pal inves­ti­ga­tor for this work, Dr. Richard Griese­mer, would even­tu­ally suc­ceed in giv­ing tumors to mice and mon­keys. Griese­mer then went to work briefly at the Oak Ridge National Lab­o­ra­tory, part of the U.S. Depart­ment of Energy nuclear research sys­tem. After his stint at Oak Ridge, Griese­mer returned to NCI, where he headed the NCI Bioas­say pro­gram, which tested chem­i­cals sus­pected of caus­ing cancer. . .

Idem.

40. Of con­sum­mate impor­tance for our pur­poses here is the fact that Ft. Detrick’s con­sign­ment to the osten­si­bly civil­ian National Can­cer Insti­tute for its Viral Can­cer Research pro­gram entailed the use of a mil­i­tary con­trac­tor to man­age the facil­ity! That mil­i­tary con­trac­tor was Litton-Bionetics, a biotech­nol­ogy sub­sidiary of Lit­ton Indus­tries, a major mil­i­tary con­trac­tor and also some­time vehi­cle for covert operations.

Litton-Bionetics employed Dr. Robert Gallo in the 1970’s–Gallo was to become [arguably] the most impor­tant early Amer­i­can AIDS researcher, cred­ited by many with the “dis­cov­ery” of HIV! Gallo worked closely with the above-mentioned Jack Gru­ber at Litton-Bionetics. Note, also that Litton-Bionetics heav­ily rearched the Mason-Pfizer mon­key virus, a simian immuno­sup­pres­sive virus.

. . . Pres­i­dent Nixon’s 1971 announce­ment that Fort Det­rick would be con­verted to a cen­ter for can­cer research could not be imme­di­ately imple­mented. First, BW agents stored there, such as the anti-crop agent rice blast, had to be destroyed. The build­ings were then decon­t­a­m­i­nated and the facil­i­ties were turned over to the NCI, which renamed the facil­ity the Fred­er­ick Can­cer Research Cen­ter; Litton-Bionetics was named as the prime con­trac­tor. A major player in the military-industrial com­plex, the cor­po­ra­tion worked exten­sively on the dis­per­sion of BW agents from planes, and included U.S. Air Force con­tracts for “the super­sonic deliv­ery of dry bio­log­i­cal agents.“28 From 1966 to 1968, Bio­net­ics Research Lab­o­ra­to­ries (which became Litton-Bionetics in 1973) held two con­tracts with the U.5. Army BW program.29 At the same time, it held major con­tracts with the NCI.30

One of Bio­net­ics Research Lab­o­ra­to­ries’ most impor­tant NCI con­tracts was a mas­sive virus inoc­u­la­tion pro­gram that began in 1962 and and ran until at least 1976, and used more than 2,000 mon­keys. Dr. Robert Gallo, the con­tro­ver­sial head of the cur­rent U.S. AIDS research pro­gram at NCI and the chief of its tumor cell biol­ogy lab­o­ra­tory, and Dr. Jack Gru­ber, for­merly of VCP and then NIH, were project offi­cers for the inoc­u­la­tion pro­gram. The mon­keys were injected with every­thing from human can­cer tis­sues to rare viruses and even sheep’s blood in an effort to find a trans­mis­si­ble can­cer. Many of these mon­keys suc­cumbed to immuno­sup­pres­sion after infec­tion with the Mason-Pfizer mon­key virus, the first known immuno­sup­pres­sive retrovirus,31 a class of viruses that includes the human immun­od­e­fi­ciency virus. . .

Idem.

41. Among the most alarm­ing aspects of the NCI link to bio­log­i­cal war­fare research con­cerns recom­bi­nant DNA work that pro­duced viruses capa­ble of break­ing the species bar­rier. Bear in mind in this con­text that HIV is a mutated mon­key virus that jumped from apes to humans.

. . . In 1976, Dr. Sey­mour Kalter, a promi­nent NCI sci­en­tist and for­mer mil­i­tary med­i­cine expert, reported on exper­i­ments so dan­ger­ous that other sci­en­tists pub­licly asked for an end to such work.32 By blend­ing the genetic mate­r­ial of viruses caus­ing can­cers in mice and baboons, he cre­ated a new virus which could cause can­cer in dogs, mon­keys and even chim­panzees. Because it could attack chim­panzees, other sci­en­tists feared it could spread to genet­i­cally sim­i­lar human beings. The new virus was a prod­uct of some of the first crude genetic “recom­bi­na­tion” experiments.

Lawrence Loeb and Ken­neth Tartof of the Insti­tute for Can­cer Research in Philadel­phia, Penn­syl­va­nia, went even fur­ther in call­ing for change and called for a ban on such poten­tially dan­ger­ous experimentation.

The pro­duc­tion of malig­nant tumors in a vari­ety of pri­mate species sug­gests the pos­si­bil­ity of cre­at­ing viruses that are onco­genic for humans... There­fore, we urge that all exper­i­ments involv­ing co-cultivation of known onco­genic viruses with pri­mate viruses be imme­di­ately halted until the safety of such exper­i­ments are [sic] exten­sively evaluated.33

Exper­i­ments per­formed under NCI con­tract included many dan­ger­ous viral inoc­u­la­tion pro­grams, like the pri­mate inoc­u­la­tion pro­gram run by Gallo and Gru­ber. So-called “species bar­ri­ers” were rou­tinely breached in efforts to find or cre­ate infec­tious can­cer viruses. Viruses native to one species were injected into ani­mals from another species in hope of trig­ger­ing can­cers. Often the recip­i­ent ani­mal would be immuno­sup­pressed by radi­a­tion, drugs, or other treat­ments. NIH pri­mate researchers were well aware that “the eco­log­i­cal niches of man and ani­mal cross with increas­ing fre­quency, and this undoubt­edly will cre­ate or uncover new problems.“34

At a 1975 NCI sym­po­sium, a par­tic­i­pant, Dr. J. Moor-Janowski admit­ted that “environmental-motivated, we moti­vated groups begin to con­sider pri­mate lab­o­ra­to­ries as being a source of dan­ger.” He con­tin­ued to com­ment that “a [Euro­pean] pri­mate cen­ter was not able to begin oper­a­tions as a result of adverse pub­lic­ity they obtained because of Mar­burg dis­ease” The speaker was refer­ring to a 1967 out­break in Yugoslavia and West Ger­many of this viral dis­ease, which killed sev­eral peo­ple. Tis­sues obtained from African Green mon­keys used in bio­med­ical work were the source of the mini-epidemic. Dr. Moor-Janowski sug­gested that researchers should fight against tighter restric­tions on pri­mate experiments. . .

Idem.

Discussion

2 comments for “FTR #606 Project Paperclip and AIDS”

  1. Inter­est­ing the­ory on Delta-32. The “plague” the­ory of HIV/AIDS has been mod­i­fied since the 1990’s. “the bubonic plague” is now most prob­a­bly HFRS, which is a hem­or­rhagic dis­ease that has appeared in Rus­sia since the 1890’s and hit Ger­man troops in 1941–1942 in Fin­land. The Nazis were brought to Paper­clip at the same time as the Japan­ese because they saw the dis­ease in the 1930’s in Manchuria.Sweden saw it in 1934 and they have the high­est rate of Delta-32 at 18%, with N. Ger­many and N. Rus­sia. The for­mer Soviet Union tested it as a bio­log­i­cal weapon in the 1970’s coded as dis­ease No. 10. Actu­ally the only two places that have the orig­i­nal recom­bi­nant strains of HIV/AIDS, clade A/B are Liberia in Africa and Kalin­ingrad in the for­mer Soviet Union. The pre­cur­sor gly­co­pro­teins of of SIV, Ebola, and Crimean-Congo are gp 160 and 140. Ebola and CCHF were all weaponized by the for­mer Soviet Union.

    Posted by Frank | February 28, 2010, 5:09 pm
  2. i believe i read the delta 32 muta­tion was caused or found in per­sons that had a cer­tain type of hap­at­i­tus . any­one know of this ?

    Posted by al7 | November 23, 2011, 1:51 pm

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