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The Ukraine Crisis In Pictures UPDATED ON 1/26/2022

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“Polit­i­cal language…is designed to make lies sound truth­ful and mur­der respectable, and to give an appear­ance of solid­i­ty to pure wind.”

— George Orwell, 1946

Cel­e­bra­tion of the 75th Anniver­sary of the 14th Waf­fen SS Divi­sion in Lviv, Ukraine in sum­mer of 2018.

COMMENT: Since the Maid­an coup in 2014, we have detailed the return of the OUN/B fas­cists to pow­er in Ukraine, not­ing their dom­i­nance of the police and nation­al secu­ri­ty establishments–areas of con­trol that yield pre­em­i­nence over the polit­i­cal and civic affairs of that unfor­tu­nate nation.

(Some of the many posts and pro­grams doc­u­ment­ing the ascent of the OUN/B suc­ces­sor orga­ni­za­tions include: FTR#‘s 1014, 10301071, 1072, 1098 through 1101.)

The Insti­tute of Nation­al Mem­o­ry is exe­cut­ing a gov­ern­ment man­date to erase and rewrite the World War II his­to­ry of Ukraine and the OUN/B, mak­ing it a crime to pub­licly crit­i­cize the OUN/B and its aux­il­iary ele­ments.

Recent­ly, the UN Gen­er­al Assem­bly vot­ed on a res­o­lu­tion con­demn­ing cel­e­bra­tions of Nazism. Only the U.S. and Ukraine vot­ed against it.

The old expres­sion “A pic­ture is worth a thou­sand words” might be use­ful to employ, here.

We are aware that vet­er­an lis­ten­ers have seen many these before, includ­ing in recent posts.

It would be refresh­ing if more of you would take the bit in your mouths and run with it–alerting oth­ers to a phe­nom­e­non that even the unini­ti­at­ed can grasp.

Pic­ture #1 is above, right:

Com­bat hel­mets of the Azov Bat­tal­ion.

Pic­ture #2 at right: tak­en from Ger­man TV sta­tion ZDF. It shows the com­bat hel­mets of the Azov Bat­tal­ion, which has not only received U.S. and Cana­di­an train­ing and equip­ment, but which has been a vehi­cle for the recruit­ment and deploy­ment of like-mind­ed inter­ests abroad, includ­ing the U.SNote the swasti­ka and SS rune on the hel­mets.

A key financier of, recruiter and spokesman for, the unit is Roman Zvarych, the admin­is­tra­tive assis­tant for Yaroslav Stet­zko, the World War II leader of the Nazi col­lab­o­ra­tionist state in Ukraine, who over­saw the appli­ca­tion of Nazi eth­nic cleans­ing meth­ods in that pup­pet state. Zvarych was the Min­is­ter of Jus­tice (equiv­a­lent of our Attor­ney Gen­er­al) for Ukraine under the Vik­tor Yuschenko gov­ern­ment and both Tim­o­shenko gov­ern­ments.

Oleh Tihany­bok, leader of the OUN/B suc­ces­sor orga­ni­za­tion Svo­bo­da.

Picture#3 is Oleh Tihany­bok, the leader of Svo­bo­da, one of the prin­ci­pal orga­ni­za­tions in the Maid­an coup–seen at right giv­ing an all-too-famil­iar salute.

Pro­fes­sor Ivan Katchanovs­ki has giv­en us an exhaus­tive, metic­u­lous study of the bal­lis­tic and foren­sic evi­dence of the crit­i­cal sniper shoot­ings in the Maid­an coup, demon­strat­ing con­clu­sive­ly that sniper fire strik­ing both pro-Maid­an demon­stra­tors and police came from build­ings occu­pied by Svo­bo­da.

Please exam­ine the linked video in this post.

Any ques­tions?

Pic­ture sequence #4: June 30th has been estab­lished as a com­mem­o­ra­tive cel­e­bra­tion in Lvov [Lviv]. It was on June 30, 1941, when the OUN‑B announced an inde­pen­dent Ukrain­ian state in the city of Lviv. That same day marked the start of the Lviv Pograms that led to the death of thou­sands of Jews.

June 30th is also the birth­day of Roman Shukhevych, com­man­der of the Nachti­gall Bat­tal­ion that car­ried out the mass killings. The city of Lviv is start­ing “Shukhevy­ch­fest” to be held in Lviv on June 30th, com­mem­o­rat­ing the pogrom and Shukhevy­ch’s birth­day. Shukhevych was named a “Hero of the Ukraine” by Vik­tor Yuschenko. A pho­to­graph­ic essay of the pogrom led by Shukhevych and con­duct­ed by his  Nachti­gall Bat­tal­ion can be found here.

 

 

 

 

 

Discussion

4 comments for “The Ukraine Crisis In Pictures UPDATED ON 1/26/2022”

  1. Here’s a sto­ry that’s notable for how exceed­ing­ly rare a sto­ry like this is: Ukraine’s Pres­i­dent Volodymyr Zelen­skiy just pub­licly chas­tised both the US and UK gov­ern­ments for rais­ing exces­sive alarm over the prospect of a Russ­ian inva­sion of Ukraine. “There are no tanks in the streets. But media give the impres­sion, if one is not here, that we have a war, that we have army in the streets... That’s not the case. We don’t need this pan­ic.” That was Zelen­skiy’ mes­sage to jour­nal­ist at a news con­fer­ence for for­eign media. Yes, Ukraine’s gov­ern­ment is the one tak­ing the ‘every­body calm down...’ role in this.

    But part of what makes this pub­lic rebuke of Ukraine’s sabre-rat­tling allies so sig­nif­i­cant is that it comes less than a day after we got reports that Pres­i­dent Biden warned Zelen­skiy that there is a “dis­tinct pos­si­bil­i­ty” of a Russ­ian inva­sion of Ukraine in Feb­ru­ary. These warn­ings of course have been ongo­ing for months. But Feb­ru­ary is wide­ly seen as the opti­mal month for an inva­sion in terms of the ground con­di­tions so it’s kind of ‘now or nev­er’ for this round of alarmism. That’s the con­text that makes Zelen­skiy’s words of cau­tion so remark­able. If there was any truth to the warn­ings about an impend­ing Russ­ian inva­sion, that inva­sion would be just around the cor­ner. And here we have Zelen­skiy telling the world its all hype at the same time the US is insist­ing war is just around the cor­ner:

    Asso­ci­at­ed Press

    Biden says Russ­ian inva­sion in Feb. ‘dis­tinct pos­si­bil­i­ty’

    By VLADIMIR ISACHENKOV and NOMAAN MERCHANT
    Jan 27, 2022 18:31:02 CST

    MOSCOW (AP) — The White House says Pres­i­dent Joe Biden warned Ukraine’s pres­i­dent Thurs­day that there is a “dis­tinct pos­si­bil­i­ty” Rus­sia could take mil­i­tary action against Ukraine in Feb­ru­ary. The Krem­lin like­wise sound­ed a grim note, say­ing it saw “lit­tle ground for opti­mism” in resolv­ing the cri­sis after the U.S. this week again reject­ed Russia’s main demands.

    Russ­ian offi­cials said dia­logue was still pos­si­ble to end the cri­sis, but Biden again offered a stark warn­ing amid grow­ing con­cerns that Russ­ian Pres­i­dent Vladimir Putin will give the go-ahead for a fur­ther inva­sion of Ukrain­ian ter­ri­to­ry in the not-so-dis­tant future.

    The White House said Biden’s com­ments to Ukraine’s Volodymyr Zelen­skyy in a phone call ampli­fied con­cerns that admin­is­tra­tion offi­cials have been mak­ing for some time.

    “Pres­i­dent Biden said that there is a dis­tinct pos­si­bil­i­ty that the Rus­sians could invade Ukraine in Feb­ru­ary,” White House Nation­al Secu­ri­ty Coun­cil spokesper­son Emi­ly Horne said. “He has said this pub­licly and we have been warn­ing about this for months. ”

    Ten­sions have soared in recent weeks, as the Unit­ed States and its NATO allies expressed con­cern that a buildup of about 100,000 Russ­ian troops near Ukraine sig­naled that Moscow planned to invade its ex-Sovi­et neigh­bor. Rus­sia denies hav­ing any such designs — and has laid out a series of demands it says will improve secu­ri­ty in Europe.

    But as expect­ed, the U.S. and the West­ern alliance firm­ly reject­ed any con­ces­sions on Moscow’s main points Wednes­day, refus­ing to per­ma­nent­ly ban Ukraine from join­ing NATO and say­ing allied deploy­ments of troops and mil­i­tary equip­ment in East­ern Europe are non­nego­tiable.

    The U.S. did out­line areas in which some of Russia’s con­cerns might be addressed, pos­si­bly offer­ing a path to de-esca­la­tion. But, as it has done repeat­ed­ly for the past sev­er­al weeks, Wash­ing­ton also warned Moscow of dev­as­tat­ing sanc­tions if it invades Ukraine. In addi­tion to penal­ties tar­get­ing Russ­ian peo­ple and key eco­nom­ic sec­tors, sev­er­al senior U.S. offi­cials said Thurs­day with cer­tain­ty that Ger­many would not allow a new­ly con­struct­ed gas pipeline to begin oper­a­tions in the event of an incur­sion.

    All eyes are now on Putin, who will decide how Rus­sia will respond amid fears that Europe could again be plunged into war.

    In the mean­time, Biden spoke to his Ukrain­ian coun­ter­part Zelen­skyy on Thurs­day to reit­er­ate Amer­i­can and allied sup­port, includ­ing recent deliv­er­ies of U.S. mil­i­tary aid.

    Biden warned Zelen­skyy that the U.S. believed there was a high degree of like­li­hood that Rus­sia could invade when the ground freezes and Russ­ian forces could attack Ukrain­ian ter­ri­to­ry from north of Kyiv, accord­ing to two peo­ple famil­iar with the con­ver­sa­tion who were not autho­rized to com­ment pub­licly.

    Mil­i­tary experts have said Rus­sia may be wait­ing for opti­mal ground con­di­tions to move heavy equip­ment into Kyiv as part of any inva­sion. Eight years ago, Rus­sia invad­ed Ukraine’s Crimean Penin­su­la in late Feb­ru­ary.

    Zelen­skyy tweet­ed that he and Biden also dis­cussed the pos­si­bil­i­ty of addi­tion­al finan­cial sup­port for Ukraine.

    The White House said Biden told Zelen­skyy he was “explor­ing addi­tion­al macro­eco­nom­ic sup­port to help Ukraine’s econ­o­my” as it comes under pres­sure as a result of Russia’s mil­i­tary buildup.

    Mean­while, the Unit­ed States announced that the U.N. Secu­ri­ty Coun­cil will hold an open meet­ing Mon­day on what U.S. Ambas­sador Lin­da Thomas-Green­field called Russia’s “threat­en­ing behav­ior.” She said the deploy­ment of more than 100,000 troops along Ukraine’s bor­der and oth­er desta­bi­liz­ing acts pose “a clear threat to inter­na­tion­al peace and secu­ri­ty and the U.N. Char­ter.”

    Krem­lin spokesman Dmit­ry Peskov told reporters ear­li­er that the response from the U.S. — and a sim­i­lar one from NATO — left “lit­tle ground for opti­mism.” But he added that “there always are prospects for con­tin­u­ing a dia­logue, it’s in the inter­ests of both us and the Amer­i­cans.”

    White House press sec­re­tary Jen Psa­ki was cir­cum­spect when asked whether the Biden admin­is­tra­tion saw a sliv­er of hope in that the Rus­sians said they would keep com­mu­ni­ca­tions open even as they said that they lacked opti­mism..

    “We don’t know if the Rus­sians are play­ing games on diplo­ma­cy. We hope not,” Psa­ki said.

    For­eign Min­is­ter Sergey Lavrov said the U.S. response con­tained some ele­ments that could lead to “the start of a seri­ous talk on sec­ondary issues,” but empha­sized that “the doc­u­ment con­tains no pos­i­tive response on the main issue.” Those are Moscow’s demands that NATO not expand and that the alliance refrain from deploy­ing weapons that might threat­en Rus­sia.

    Lavrov said top offi­cials will sub­mit pro­pos­als to Putin. Peskov said the Russ­ian reac­tion would come soon.

    The eva­sive offi­cial com­ments reflect the fact that it is Putin who will sin­gle-hand­ed­ly deter­mine Russia’s next moves. He has warned of unspec­i­fied “mil­i­tary-tech­ni­cal mea­sures” if the West refus­es to heed the demands.

    Peskov added that Putin and Biden will decide whether they need to have anoth­er con­ver­sa­tion fol­low­ing two calls last month.

    Ukraine’s For­eign Min­is­ter Dmytro Kule­ba said Kyiv had seen the U.S. response before it was deliv­ered to Rus­sia and had no objec­tions. He tweet­ed it was “impor­tant that the U.S. remains in close con­tact with Ukraine before and after all con­tacts with Rus­sia.”

    On a vis­it to Den­mark, Kule­ba empha­sized his country’s need to strength­en its defens­es.

    “This cri­sis is a moment of truth, and this is why we speak about weapons,” he said. “This is why we speak about eco­nom­ic sanc­tions. This is why we speak about the con­sol­i­dat­ed posi­tion of all of us, so that Pres­i­dent Putin sees that there are no weak links in our defen­sive chain.”

    Germany’s For­eign Min­is­ter Annale­na Baer­bock said dur­ing a par­lia­men­tary debate on Ukraine that her gov­ern­ment is close­ly coor­di­nat­ing its pol­i­cy with allies, con­sid­er­ing a range of options that could include the new Nord Stream 2 Russ­ian gas pipeline to Ger­many.

    While the diplo­ma­cy sput­ters on, so too do maneu­vers that have esca­lat­ed ten­sions. Rus­sia has launched a series of mil­i­tary drills involv­ing motor­ized infantry and artillery units in south­west­ern Rus­sia, war­planes in Kalin­ingrad on the Baltic Sea, dozens of war­ships in the Black Sea and the Arc­tic, and Russ­ian fight­er jets and para­troop­ers in Belarus.

    NATO said it was bol­ster­ing its deter­rence in the Baltic Sea region, and the U.S. ordered 8,500 troops on high­er alert for poten­tial deploy­ment to Europe.

    ...

    Ukraine’s Inte­ri­or Min­istry has orga­nized train­ing on act­ing in emer­gency sit­u­a­tions, with an empha­sis on deal­ing with explo­sives.

    Beyond con­cerns about a pos­si­ble Russ­ian offen­sive in Ukraine, there also has been spec­u­la­tion that Moscow’s response could include mil­i­tary deploy­ments to the West­ern Hemi­sphere.

    While a senior Russ­ian diplo­mat recent­ly refused to rule out such deploy­ments to Cuba and Venezuela, a top Putin asso­ciate expressed skep­ti­cism Thurs­day at that prospect.

    “Cuba and Venezuela are aim­ing to come out of iso­la­tion and restore nor­mal rela­tions with the U.S. to a cer­tain extent, so there can’t be any talk about set­ting up a base there as hap­pened dur­ing the Sovi­et times,” Dmit­ry Medvedev, a deputy head of Russia’s Secu­ri­ty Coun­cil, told Russ­ian media.

    While he charged that the West is using Ukraine as a way to con­tain Rus­sia, he somber­ly acknowl­edged that a Rus­sia-NATO con­flict “would be the most dra­mat­ic and sim­ply cat­a­stroph­ic sce­nario, and I hope it will nev­er hap­pen.”

    ...

    ———-

    “Biden says Russ­ian inva­sion in Feb. ‘dis­tinct pos­si­bil­i­ty’” by VLADIMIR ISACHENKOV and NOMAAN MERCHANT; Asso­ci­at­ed Press; 01/27/2022

    ““Pres­i­dent Biden said that there is a dis­tinct pos­si­bil­i­ty that the Rus­sians could invade Ukraine in Feb­ru­ary,” White House Nation­al Secu­ri­ty Coun­cil spokesper­son Emi­ly Horne said. “He has said this pub­licly and we have been warn­ing about this for months. ””

    A Russ­ian inva­sion is a “dis­tinct pos­si­bil­i­ty”, as the US has been warn­ing for months. Of course, it was a lot less alarm­ing when Feb­ru­ary was­n’t just around the cor­ner. But here we are. The warn­ings of an impend­ing attack have indeed been con­sis­tent for months. It’s just a lot more impend­ing now:

    ...
    Biden warned Zelen­skyy that the U.S. believed there was a high degree of like­li­hood that Rus­sia could invade when the ground freezes and Russ­ian forces could attack Ukrain­ian ter­ri­to­ry from north of Kyiv, accord­ing to two peo­ple famil­iar with the con­ver­sa­tion who were not autho­rized to com­ment pub­licly.

    Mil­i­tary experts have said Rus­sia may be wait­ing for opti­mal ground con­di­tions to move heavy equip­ment into Kyiv as part of any inva­sion. Eight years ago, Rus­sia invad­ed Ukraine’s Crimean Penin­su­la in late Feb­ru­ary.
    ...

    And it’s that con­sis­tent warn­ing of a loom­ing dev­as­tat­ing Russ­ian inva­sion that makes the pub­lic rebuke by Pres­i­dent Zelen­skiy so much more remark­able. As Zelen­skiy put it, We don’t need this pan­ic. Mean­ing we’ve been hear­ing months and months of pan­ic:

    Reuters

    Ukraine’s pres­i­dent lash­es out at too much ‘pan­ic’ over Rus­sia ten­sions

    By Pavel Poli­tyuk and Natalia Zinets
    Jan­u­ary 28, 2022 12:23 PM CST Updat­ed

    KYIV, Jan 28 (Reuters) — Pres­i­dent Volodymyr Zelen­skiy on Fri­day did not rule out a full-blown war with Rus­sia but said Ukraine was not a sink­ing Titan­ic and accused Wash­ing­ton and media of fuelling pan­ic that weighed on the econ­o­my while there were “no tanks in the streets”.

    He spoke after Russ­ian Pres­i­dent Vladimir Putin said the Unit­ed States and NATO had not addressed the Krem­lin’s main secu­ri­ty demands in the East-West stand­off over Ukraine, but that Moscow was ready to keep talk­ing. read more

    Speak­ing at a news con­fer­ence for for­eign media, Zelen­skiy said: “There are no tanks in the streets. But media give the impres­sion, if one is not here, that we have a war, that we have army in the streets... That’s not the case. We don’t need this pan­ic.”

    “I don’t con­sid­er the sit­u­a­tion now more tense than before,” he said, but added: “I am not say­ing an esca­la­tion is not pos­si­ble.”

    He said the White House was mak­ing a “mis­take” in high­light­ing exces­sive­ly the risk of a large-scale war, and that this was the mes­sage he gave U.S. Pres­i­dent Joe Biden in their phone call on Thurs­day.

    While he said Rus­sia was try­ing to intim­i­date and desta­bilise Ukraine, Kyiv was prop­ping up its hryv­nia cur­ren­cy with FX reserves, as well as seek­ing mil­i­tary, polit­i­cal and eco­nom­ic sup­port from the West.

    He said the coun­try need­ed 4–5 bil­lion dol­lars to sta­bilise its econ­o­my, includ­ing through for­eign invest­ments, wel­com­ing a 1.2 bil­lion euros aid pack­age from the Euro­pean Union.

    “NO TITANIC”

    Zelen­skiy said Rus­sia should prove that it was not seek­ing a war with Ukraine by agree­ing to an exchange of pris­on­ers. But he said the most imme­di­ate risk for his coun­try was chaos with­in, from cyber attacks to an eco­nom­ic cri­sis.

    U.S. and British moves to recall diplo­mats were a mis­take and an exag­ger­a­tion, he said: “We are no Titan­ic. Ukraine is mov­ing ahead.”

    He said NATO was the only guar­an­tor of hard secu­ri­ty Ukraine had in its stand-off with Rus­sia, warn­ing that the mil­i­tary alliance’s east­ern mem­bers might also be exposed to hos­tile tac­tics by Moscow.

    ...

    He crit­i­cised Ger­many for pur­su­ing the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline, accus­ing it of pri­ori­tis­ing busi­ness deals with Rus­sia over Ukraine’s secu­ri­ty and ter­ri­to­r­i­al integri­ty.

    He also named Britain among coun­tries allow­ing mon­ey laun­der­ing by Rus­sians, as well as by oli­garchs siphon­ing mon­ey from coun­tries includ­ing Ukraine and Kaza­khstan.

    ———–

    “Ukraine’s pres­i­dent lash­es out at too much ‘pan­ic’ over Rus­sia ten­sions” by Pavel Poli­tyuk and Natalia Zinets; Reuters; 01/28/2022

    “Speak­ing at a news con­fer­ence for for­eign media, Zelen­skiy said: “There are no tanks in the streets. But media give the impres­sion, if one is not here, that we have a war, that we have army in the streets... That’s not the case. We don’t need this pan­ic.””

    We don’t need this pan­ic. Huh. You would­n’t know it from all the pan­ic. It’s a remark­able state­ment. He even called the bel­li­cose rhetoric warn­ing of impend­ing war a “mis­take”. It’s like the dead oppo­site of the approach the US has been tak­ing:

    ...
    “I don’t con­sid­er the sit­u­a­tion now more tense than before,” he said, but added: “I am not say­ing an esca­la­tion is not pos­si­ble.”

    He said the White House was mak­ing a “mis­take” in high­light­ing exces­sive­ly the risk of a large-scale war, and that this was the mes­sage he gave U.S. Pres­i­dent Joe Biden in their phone call on Thurs­day.

    ...

    U.S. and British moves to recall diplo­mats were a mis­take and an exag­ger­a­tion, he said: “We are no Titan­ic. Ukraine is mov­ing ahead.”
    ...

    How are we to inter­pret this pub­lic scuf­fle over whether or not an full-scale inva­sion real­ly is on the verge of hap­pen­ing? Was it dri­ven by a fear over the impact all the fear­mon­ger­ing could have on the Ukrain­ian pub­lic’s psy­che? Or dri­ven more by a fear that all the rhetoric was actu­al­ly make war more like­ly? Who knows. But it is an incred­i­ble com­ment on the sit­u­a­tion that it’s the Ukrain­ian gov­ern­ment itself play­ing the calm­ing role in a war of words over whether or not Ukraine is about to be torn asun­der.

    Posted by Pterrafractyl | January 28, 2022, 4:25 pm
  2. What is the cur­rent show­down between the West and Rus­sia actu­al­ly about? It’s the ques­tion that looms over the sit­u­a­tion that’s been sim­mer­ing for months now. A ques­tion that became much more acute after reports of 3,000 more US troops get­ting deployed to East­ern Europe fol­low­ing Vladimir Putin’s calls for a return to the NATO bor­ders of 1997. So it’s pret­ty con­ve­nient that a new book was pub­lished by Mary Elise Sarotte back in Novem­ber that explores exact­ly that ques­tion. Because as the fol­low­ing arti­cle describes, if we’re going to answer the ques­tion of what is behind this Post-Cold War stale­mate between Rus­sia and the West, we have to go back and under­stand what Rus­sia views as a series of ‘orig­i­nal sins’ made by the West in the ear­ly years of the post-Cold War era. Notably, the sin of expand­ing NATO. A sin that could, in the­o­ry, be repeat­ed with coun­tries like Ukraine.

    It’s those ear­ly nego­ti­a­tions — or ‘nego­ti­a­tions — that’s explored in Sarot­te’s book, “Not One Inch: Amer­i­ca, Rus­sia, and the Mak­ing of Post-Cold War Stale­mate”. It more or less comes down to two sets of pledges. The first was in ear­ly 1990, when the West was still try­ing to get the USSR to agree to Ger­man reuni­fi­ca­tion. It was West Ger­man for­eign min­is­ter, Hans-Diet­rich Gen­sch­er, who gave a num­ber of speech­es assur­ing the Sovi­ets that there will be no NATO troops on East Ger­many should reuni­fi­ca­tion be allowed. AS he put it in one address, “An exten­sion of NATO’s ter­ri­to­ry to the east, that is, near­er to the bor­ders of the Sovi­et Union, will not hap­pen.” The prob­lem was that his boss, Chan­cel­lor Hel­mut Kohl, com­plete­ly dis­agreed with this pol­i­cy and believed that the West should lock in as many gains as it could before the polit­i­cal cli­mate shift­ed.

    By Feb 1990, James Bak­er was mak­ing sim­i­lar pledges. It was Bak­er’s pledge that formed the basis for Russ­ian com­plaints about bro­ken promis­es to this day. As Bak­er told Gor­bachev dur­ing a trip to Moscow, “Would you pre­fer to see a uni­fied Ger­many out­side of NATO, inde­pen­dent and with no U.S. forces, or would you pre­fer a uni­fied Ger­many to be tied to NATO, with assur­ances that NATO’s juris­dic­tion would not shift one inch east­ward from its present posi­tion?” As was the case with Gen­schler and Kohl, Bak­er’s boss, George H. W. Bush, did­n’t actu­al­ly agree with this pol­i­cy. But that state­ment by Bak­er was report­ed­ly treat­ed by Sovi­et lead­ers as essen­tial­ly a US pledge not to expand NATO as long as Ger­man reuni­fi­ca­tion was allowed. As Sarotte write, “lead­ers in Moscow would point to this exchange as an agree­ment bar­ring NATO from expand­ing beyond its east­ern Cold War bor­der. Bak­er and his aides and sup­port­ers, in con­trast, would point to the hypo­thet­i­cal phras­ing and lack of any writ­ten agree­ment after­ward as a sign that the sec­re­tary had only been test-dri­ving one poten­tial option of many.”

    The sec­ond major area of the Russ­ian com­plaints are cen­tered around the actu­al 1997 agree­ment signed by Boris Yeltsin that more or less gives Rus­si­a’s bless­ing on the expan­sion of NATO. The episode starts off with a night in War­saw, when Pol­ish Pres­i­dent Lech Wale­sa man­aged to per­suade Yeltsin to issue a joint state­ment that the prospect of Poland join­ing NATO was “not con­trary to the inter­est of any state, also includ­ing Rus­sia.” It’s the kind of sto­ry that’s the per­fect exam­ple of how pli­able Yeltsin tru­ly was at this point in his pres­i­den­cy. Yeltsin faced imme­di­ate domes­tic back­lash on the state­ment and tried to back­track by refer­ring back to the 1990 Agree­ment on Ger­man Reuni­fi­ca­tion, argu­ing that the lan­guage in that agree­ment pre­clud­ed the expan­sion of NATO east­ward. There­fore, under this inter­pre­ta­tion of the agree­ment, Yeltsin could­n’t endorse the idea of a NATO expan­sion because the West already agreed that could nev­er hap­pen.

    Of course, as we’ll see, the Clin­ton admin­is­tra­tion had already explored the legal impli­ca­tions of that 1990 Ger­man reuni­fi­ca­tion agree­ment and con­clud­ed that there were no such restric­tions. The Ger­many gov­ern­ment agreed with this assess­ment, although the Ger­man For­eign Min­istry did acknowl­edge that Russ­ian claims con­tained a “polit­i­cal and psy­cho­log­i­cal sub­stance we had to take seri­ous­ly.” In the end, the US pur­sued the approach of just try­ing to bribe Rus­sia with mon­ey. Yeltsin end­ed up sign­ing an agree­ment that con­doned NATO’s expan­sion lat­er that year. Clin­ton report­ed­ly could­n’t believe how one-sided the deal was in the end.

    The over­all pic­ture that emerges is one where, tech­ni­cal­ly speak­ing, the expan­sion of NATO may have been legal based on the agree­ments made. But from an eth­i­cal stand­point, these were agree­ments made in bad faith at a time when Rus­sia was effec­tive­ly forced to nego­ti­ate under a state of nation­al duress:

    The New York­er

    The His­tor­i­cal Dis­pute Behind Russia’s Threat to Invade Ukraine
    Putin claims that, after the fall of the Berlin Wall, the U.S. promised not to expand NATO beyond East Ger­many. Does he have a case?

    By Joshua Yaf­fa
    Jan­u­ary 25, 2022

    On Jan­u­ary 21st, after meet­ing in Gene­va with the Russ­ian for­eign min­is­ter, Sergei Lavrov, Sec­re­tary of State Antony Blinken issued a rather under­stat­ed assess­ment of the high-stakes impasse between Rus­sia and the Unit­ed States, with Rus­sia threat­en­ing the prospect of war in Ukraine. “I think the char­i­ta­ble inter­pre­ta­tion would be that some­times we and Rus­sia have dif­fer­ent inter­pre­ta­tions of his­to­ry,” Blinken said.

    The stakes of this his­tor­i­cal dis­pute could not be greater. In recent months, Rus­sia has placed more than a hun­dred thou­sand troops, and a siz­able arse­nal of armor and mis­sile sys­tems, along its bor­der with Ukraine. If Rus­sia were to invade—a sce­nario that Pres­i­dent Joe Biden and oth­er West­ern offi­cials have admit­ted is likely—the result­ing vio­lence and suf­fer­ing would rep­re­sent, as Biden put it, “the most con­se­quen­tial thing that’s hap­pened in the world, in terms of war and peace, since World War Two.”

    The par­tic­u­lar his­to­ry that the Russ­ian Pres­i­dent, Vladimir Putin, has in mind as he weighs start­ing such a con­fla­gra­tion is root­ed in a post-Cold War set­tle­ment that he sees as hav­ing been unfair­ly dic­tat­ed to Rus­sia. Loom­ing most of all is the ques­tion of NATO: Putin con­sid­ers the expan­sion of the alliance to East­ern Europe and the Baltic states a direct threat to Russia’s secu­ri­ty, and the idea of Ukraine draw­ing clos­er to NATO—whether through the still far-off prospect of for­mal mem­ber­ship or by host­ing NATO troops in the meantime—an exis­ten­tial red line. In his mind, giv­en that West­ern lead­ers once promised that NATO would not expand toward Russia’s bor­ders, he is mere­ly rec­ti­fy­ing a geopo­lit­i­cal injus­tice. At his annu­al press con­fer­ence last Decem­ber, Putin made his ver­sion of events clear: “ ‘Not one inch to the East,’ they told us in the nineties. So what? They cheat­ed, just brazen­ly tricked us!”

    The phrase “not one inch” is a ref­er­ence to a state­ment made by U.S. Sec­re­tary of State James Bak­er, in 1990, and in the years since it has tak­en on the qual­i­ties of a geopo­lit­i­cal “Rashomon” moment. Who promised what to whom? At what cost? And who is to blame for the fact that a brief win­dow of coöper­a­tion between the West and Rus­sia has turned into years of mis­trust and recrim­i­na­tion?

    The many argu­ments, myths, and crises that have arisen from this one utter­ance led Mary Elise Sarotte, a his­to­ri­an and pro­fes­sor at Johns Hop­kins Uni­ver­si­ty, to bor­row it for the title of the book she pub­lished last Novem­ber, “Not One Inch: Amer­i­ca, Rus­sia, and the Mak­ing of Post-Cold War Stale­mate.” Sarotte has the receipts, as it were: her author­i­ta­tive tale draws on thou­sands of mem­os, let­ters, briefs, and oth­er once secret documents—including many that have nev­er been pub­lished before—which both fill in and com­pli­cate set­tled nar­ra­tives on both sides.

    “I was try­ing to write a non-tri­umphal­ist his­to­ry of the end of the Cold War,” Sarotte told me, the oth­er day. That is, the oppo­site of the ver­sion most of us know: a tale of vic­to­ry, free­dom, oppor­tu­ni­ty. “And that’s in no way wrong,” she said. “Many mil­lions of peo­ple saw their lives sud­den­ly open up and expand.” (For an ear­li­er bookbook, Sarotte inter­viewed for­mer East Ger­man dis­si­dents, a num­ber of whom had been impris­oned by the Stasi. “That’s their sto­ry entire­ly,” she said.)

    The expan­sion of NATO to coun­tries once part of the Sovi­et-led War­saw Pact felt like an obvi­ous and intrin­sic part of that same process, of free­dom and secu­ri­ty spread­ing over the con­ti­nent. “But what if, from the per­spec­tive of today, the impact that same sto­ry had on some­one like Putin, who saw it as a cat­a­stro­phe, is no less rel­e­vant?” Sarotte asked. “There’s a non-insignif­i­cant chance we could see, in 2022, a mas­sive Euro­pean land war that is a result, at least in part, of the way Rus­sia believes the West han­dled the end of the Cold War.”

    In a way, the argu­ment boils down to “not one inch” and its lega­cy: Did the West, led by the U.S., promise to lim­it NATO expan­sion east­ward? “At one extreme, there’s a posi­tion you some­times hear from the Amer­i­can side, that none of this ever came up, it’s a total myth, the Rus­sians are psy­chot­ic,” Sarotte said. “On the oth­er end, you have the very adamant Russ­ian posi­tion: ‘We were total­ly betrayed, there’s no doubt about it.’ Unsur­pris­ing­ly, when you get into the evi­dence, the truth looks to be some­where in between.”

    Sarotte’s inter­pre­ta­tion of the key phrase begins with the con­text of the moment in which it was said. In ear­ly 1990, with the Berlin Wall hav­ing fall­en just months before, Ger­man uni­fi­ca­tion was the cen­tral pol­i­cy ques­tion in Europe. But on this mat­ter the Sovi­et Union had an auto­mat­ic say: as one of the offi­cial­ly rec­og­nized vic­tors in the Sec­ond World War, the U.S.S.R. retained a polit­i­cal veto over Germany’s future, not to men­tion three hun­dred and eighty thou­sand troops in East Ger­many. Thus, West Ger­man officials—who were inter­est­ed, most of all, in secur­ing Moscow’s con­sent on reunification—were tempt­ed to assuage it on the NATO ques­tion. The West Ger­man for­eign min­is­ter, Hans-Diet­rich Gen­sch­er, gave a num­ber of speech­es propos­ing exact­ly this com­pro­mise. “An exten­sion of NATO’s ter­ri­to­ry to the east, that is, near­er to the bor­ders of the Sovi­et Union, will not hap­pen,” he said in one address, as Sarotte recounts.

    Gen­sch­er was propos­ing a pol­i­cy posi­tion with which his own Chan­cel­lor, Hel­mut Kohl, would even­tu­al­ly come to dis­agree. The Chan­cel­lor ulti­mate­ly believed that the West should lock in as many gains as it could before the polit­i­cal cli­mate shift­ed yet again and Moscow’s posi­tion became more entrenched. “For­eign pol­i­cy was like mow­ing grass for hay,” Kohl explained to the British for­eign min­is­ter, Dou­glas Hurd, at the time. “You had to gath­er what you had cut in case of a thun­der­storm.”

    In Feb­ru­ary, 1990, Sec­re­tary Bak­er went to Moscow, where he met with Mikhail Gor­bachev, the leader of the Sovi­et Union. Bak­er asked him—“unwit­ting­ly touch­ing off a con­tro­ver­sy that would last decades,” as Sarotte writes—“Would you pre­fer to see a uni­fied Ger­many out­side of NATO, inde­pen­dent and with no U.S. forces, or would you pre­fer a uni­fied Ger­many to be tied to NATO, with assur­ances that NATO’s juris­dic­tion would not shift one inch east­ward from its present posi­tion?” Bak­er was, in essence, float­ing his own, updat­ed ver­sion of Genscher’s pro­posed trade-off, pre­sum­ing that, giv­en the wartime his­to­ry, Sovi­et lead­ers would rather see Ger­many anchored in a mul­ti­lat­er­al alliance than left on its own.

    In her book, Sarotte explains that this one sen­tence would take on a life of its own in the years to come: “Var­i­ous lead­ers in Moscow would point to this exchange as an agree­ment bar­ring NATO from expand­ing beyond its east­ern Cold War bor­der. Bak­er and his aides and sup­port­ers, in con­trast, would point to the hypo­thet­i­cal phras­ing and lack of any writ­ten agree­ment after­ward as a sign that the sec­re­tary had only been test-dri­ving one poten­tial option of many.”

    Pres­i­dent George H. W. Bush strong­ly opposed Baker’s pro­pos­al, which was quick­ly aban­doned. At a meet­ing at Camp David, Bush per­suad­ed Kohl to push for a deal that allowed for a uni­fied Ger­many to join NATO in full, with the sim­ple caveat that only Ger­man troops, rather than for­eign ones, could be based on the ter­ri­to­ry of the for­mer East Ger­many, and only after the Sovi­et mil­i­tary with­drew its own forces. In Sep­tem­ber, 1990, Gor­bachev signed off on the Treaty on the Final Set­tle­ment with Respect to Ger­many. It looked as if the Unit­ed States and Europe had man­aged to achieve their max­i­mum wish list for lit­tle or no cost.

    This turn of events hap­pened for a num­ber of over­lap­ping rea­sons: crude eco­nom­ic neces­si­ty (Moscow, short on cash and pre­sid­ing over a col­laps­ing empire, was in des­per­ate need of the fif­teen bil­lion Deutsche marks that it received in order to with­draw Sovi­et forces from East Ger­many); West­ern con­fi­dence and ambi­tion (“To hell with that,” Bush had told Kohl at Camp David, dis­miss­ing the Sovi­ets’ efforts to dic­tate Germany’s future rela­tion­ship with NATO. “We pre­vailed and they didn’t”); and bungling nego­ti­at­ing on the part of Gor­bachev (“This care­less­ness will take its revenge on us,” Valentin Falin, a top Sovi­et offi­cial and expert on Ger­many, remarked).

    The sec­ond moment to which Putin and his nego­tia­tors have fre­quent­ly point­ed is a Rus­sia-NATO agree­ment signed by his pre­de­ces­sor Boris Yeltsin in May, 1997, which paved the way for the alliance to expand to include coun­tries in Cen­tral and East­ern Europe and the Baltics, states that suc­ces­sive regimes in Moscow have tend­ed to view as under their secu­ri­ty purview. Putin has repeat­ed­ly invoked the threat of NATO mil­i­tary hard­ware “at our bor­ders,” includ­ing in a land­mark speech in 2014, on the day of the annex­a­tion of Crimea.

    This his­to­ry is equal­ly messy. One night in War­saw, over din­ner and drinks, the Pol­ish Pres­i­dent at the time, Lech Wale­sa, man­aged to per­suade Yeltsin to issue a joint state­ment that the prospect of Poland join­ing NATO was “not con­trary to the inter­est of any state, also includ­ing Rus­sia.” But, faced with a domes­tic polit­i­cal back­lash, Yeltsin quick­ly retract­ed that state­ment. In fact, Yeltsin and his diplo­mats even­tu­al­ly argued, the 1990 agree­ment on Ger­man reuni­fi­ca­tion pro­hib­it­ed any fur­ther east­ward NATO expansion—if for­eign troops can’t be deployed in the for­mer East Ger­many, then they can’t be any fur­ther to the east, either. Putin’s cur­rent demand—clearly provoca­tive and unrealistic—is for NATO to remove its mil­i­tary infra­struc­ture from states that joined after the 1997 agree­ment.

    In the ear­ly nineties, Bill Clinton’s Admin­is­tra­tion was curi­ous enough to look into the mat­ter, com­mis­sion­ing an inves­ti­ga­tion on the ques­tion of deploy­ing NATO troops east of Ger­many. The take­away was emphat­ic: Yeltsin was wrong. The agree­ment was lim­it­ed to the role that NATO could play in a unit­ed Ger­many, and had noth­ing to do with oth­er coun­tries in East­ern Europe. Amer­i­can diplo­mats should “point­ed­ly remind the Rus­sians of this basic fact,” the report said. Anoth­er opin­ion, this time from the Ger­man for­eign min­istry, ulti­mate­ly agreed, but acknowl­edged that Russ­ian claims con­tained a “polit­i­cal and psy­cho­log­i­cal sub­stance we had to take seri­ous­ly.”

    But the truth was that, by then, Russia’s opin­ion didn’t mat­ter all that much. The West need­ed Moscow’s buy-in on Ger­man reuni­fi­ca­tion in 1990, but there was no for­mal or prac­ti­cal rea­son that it need­ed approval on the ques­tion of extend­ing NATO mem­ber­ship to oth­er coun­tries. Wash­ing­ton “must be very care­ful not to be seen as run­ning after the Rus­sians, offer­ing them con­ces­sions,” Clinton’s Sec­re­tary of State at the time, War­ren Christo­pher, said. More­over, Russia’s bru­tal war in Chech­nya, launched by Yeltsin in 1994, gave addi­tion­al momen­tum to NATO enlarge­ment. For states on Russia’s periph­ery, the con­flict was proof that, even after the fall of the Sovi­et Union, Moscow could not be trust­ed.

    The Clin­ton Admin­is­tra­tion set­tled on a pol­i­cy of using “eco­nom­ic might in bilat­er­al rela­tions with Rus­sia to achieve strate­gic polit­i­cal goals,” as Sarotte puts it. At a sum­mit in Helsin­ki, Clin­ton promised to give Yeltsin four bil­lion dol­lars in invest­ment in 1997, as much as the U.S. had pro­vid­ed in the five years pri­or, while also dan­gling W.T.O. mem­ber­ship and oth­er eco­nom­ic induce­ments. In return, Rus­sia would effec­tive­ly allow unen­cum­bered NATO enlarge­ment. Yeltsin wor­ried that these mea­sures could be per­ceived as “sort of a bribe,” but, giv­en Russia’s emp­ty cof­fers and his uphill prospects for reëlec­tion, he relent­ed.

    When Clin­ton learned of the fine print of the deal, which called on NATO mere­ly to avoid unde­fined “sub­stan­tial” deploy­ments on the ter­ri­to­ry of new mem­ber states and to orga­nize a forum in which Rus­sia could voice its non­bind­ing opin­ion on NATO mat­ters, he didn’t quite believe it. Sarotte quotes the scene at length:

    Upon being briefed of these devel­op­ments, Clin­ton report­ed­ly replied, “ ‘so let me get this straight’ ”: All the Rus­sians get out of “ ‘this great deal we’re offer­ing them’ ” is an assur­ance “ ‘that we’re not going to put our mil­i­tary stuff into their for­mer allies who are now going to be our allies, unless we hap­pen to wake up one morn­ing and decide to change our mind.’ ” Rus­sians would get “a chance to sit in the same room with NATO” but would not have “ ‘any abil­i­ty to stop us from doing some­thing that they don’t agree with’ ” and could only “ ‘reg­is­ter their dis­ap­proval by walk­ing out of the room.’ ”

    The entire process of NATO enlarge­ment was, in Sarotte’s telling, marked by a “heady feeling”—it was a moment in his­to­ry when, as she writes, Amer­i­ca could flex its mus­cles freely. James Stein­berg, who served in the State Depart­ment and on the Nation­al Secu­ri­ty Coun­cil in the Clin­ton Admin­is­tra­tion, recalled, “You’re par­tic­u­lar­ly attract­ed to things that you don’t have to do but that you want to do.”

    ...

    Hav­ing immersed her­self in the his­to­ry of NATO enlarge­ment, Sarotte can imag­ine Putin’s vision for him­self. “He looks at Gor­bachev as a bad nego­tia­tor, and then what Yeltsin let hap­pen, and thinks, I can do bet­ter than these guys,” she said. As a result, tens of mil­lions of Ukraini­ans have become the unwit­ting hostages in Putin’s attempt to wrest a bet­ter deal. By call­ing on NATO to pull mil­i­tary infra­struc­ture out of East­ern Europe, and on the U.S. to offer writ­ten guar­an­tees that it will nev­er sup­port Ukraine’s acces­sion to NATO, Sarotte told me, “he wants a do-over of 1997.”

    There’s no way to jus­ti­fy Putin’s deci­sion to hold a gun to Ukraine’s head in order to extract a bet­ter deal from the West. Still, I asked Sarotte if the cur­rent cri­sis could have been avoid­ed. “I don’t want to say the West took advan­tage of Rus­sia,” she said. “After all, Rus­sia signed these agree­ments and knew per­fect­ly well what it was sign­ing.” But, she added, West­ern pow­ers would have been wise to keep in mind an apho­rism of Win­ston Churchill’s: “In Vic­to­ry: Mag­na­nim­i­ty.” That said, as Putin now weighs invad­ing Russia’s neigh­bor, with all the ter­ri­ble con­se­quences that would entail, he will like­ly be con­sid­er­ing the cru­el arith­metic of what he can get away with and at what cost, rather than the details of decades past. As Sarotte put it, “I don’t think Putin is all that wor­ried about his­tor­i­cal accu­ra­cy.”

    ————

    “The His­tor­i­cal Dis­pute Behind Russia’s Threat to Invade Ukraine” by Joshua Yaf­fa; The New York­er; 01/25/2022

    “The many argu­ments, myths, and crises that have arisen from this one utter­ance led Mary Elise Sarotte, a his­to­ri­an and pro­fes­sor at Johns Hop­kins Uni­ver­si­ty, to bor­row it for the title of the book she pub­lished last Novem­ber, “Not One Inch: Amer­i­ca, Rus­sia, and the Mak­ing of Post-Cold War Stale­mate.” Sarotte has the receipts, as it were: her author­i­ta­tive tale draws on thou­sands of mem­os, let­ters, briefs, and oth­er once secret documents—including many that have nev­er been pub­lished before—which both fill in and com­pli­cate set­tled nar­ra­tives on both sides.

    This reanaly­sis by his­to­ri­an Mary Elise Sarotte of the bro­ken promis­es made at the end of the Cold War pub­lished last Novem­ber could­n’t have had bet­ter tim­ing. So what did Sarotte find in her explo­ration of many doc­u­ments nev­er pub­lished before? Well, the sto­ry that emerges appears to boil down to two key events: first, pledges by the West not to expand NATO into East­ern Europe made in 1990 that Rus­sia was lat­er told weren’t offi­cial because in writ­ing. And sec­ond, a 1997 state­ment made by Boris Yeltsin that can poten­tial­ly be inter­pret­ed as a con­don­ing NATO’s expan­sion as not a threat to Rus­sia. And in both cas­es, the pre­vail­ing theme was that these agree­ments were, if any­thing, a kind of patron­iz­ing cour­tesy made by the world’s lone super-pow­er towards a weak Rus­sia that were nev­er real­ly nec­es­sary because the West did­n’t feel it actu­al­ly need­ed Rus­si­a’s approval for these deci­sions any­way.

    But here’s part of what makes those 1990 pledges NOT to expand NATO into East­ern Europe so inter­est­ing: the pledges were made in the con­text of try­ing to get Moscow’s agree­ment to allow for the reuni­fi­ca­tion of Ger­many. As one of the offi­cial­ly rec­og­nized vic­tors in WWII, the USSR retained a polit­i­cal veto over Germany’s reuni­fi­ca­tion. The first pledges to not expand NATO into East­ern Europe were float­ed by West Ger­man for­eign min­is­ter, Hans-Diet­rich Gen­sch­er, who repeat­ed­ly gave speech­es mak­ing the kinds of promis­es that would gain Moscow’s approval for reuni­fi­ca­tion. And yet Gen­scher’s boss, Chan­cel­lor Hel­mut Kohl, was com­plete­ly opposed to these promis­es. Kohl believed the West should lock in as many gains as pos­si­ble. At least we’re told Kohl even­tu­al­ly came to arrive at these views. So the ques­tion of whether or not Kohl ever backed Gen­scher’s pledges remains an open ques­tion:

    ...
    In a way, the argu­ment boils down to “not one inch” and its lega­cy: Did the West, led by the U.S., promise to lim­it NATO expan­sion east­ward? “At one extreme, there’s a posi­tion you some­times hear from the Amer­i­can side, that none of this ever came up, it’s a total myth, the Rus­sians are psy­chot­ic,” Sarotte said. “On the oth­er end, you have the very adamant Russ­ian posi­tion: ‘We were total­ly betrayed, there’s no doubt about it.’ Unsur­pris­ing­ly, when you get into the evi­dence, the truth looks to be some­where in between.”

    Sarotte’s inter­pre­ta­tion of the key phrase begins with the con­text of the moment in which it was said. In ear­ly 1990, with the Berlin Wall hav­ing fall­en just months before, Ger­man uni­fi­ca­tion was the cen­tral pol­i­cy ques­tion in Europe. But on this mat­ter the Sovi­et Union had an auto­mat­ic say: as one of the offi­cial­ly rec­og­nized vic­tors in the Sec­ond World War, the U.S.S.R. retained a polit­i­cal veto over Germany’s future, not to men­tion three hun­dred and eighty thou­sand troops in East Ger­many. Thus, West Ger­man officials—who were inter­est­ed, most of all, in secur­ing Moscow’s con­sent on reunification—were tempt­ed to assuage it on the NATO ques­tion. The West Ger­man for­eign min­is­ter, Hans-Diet­rich Gen­sch­er, gave a num­ber of speech­es propos­ing exact­ly this com­pro­mise. “An exten­sion of NATO’s ter­ri­to­ry to the east, that is, near­er to the bor­ders of the Sovi­et Union, will not hap­pen,” he said in one address, as Sarotte recounts.

    Gen­sch­er was propos­ing a pol­i­cy posi­tion with which his own Chan­cel­lor, Hel­mut Kohl, would even­tu­al­ly come to dis­agree. The Chan­cel­lor ulti­mate­ly believed that the West should lock in as many gains as it could before the polit­i­cal cli­mate shift­ed yet again and Moscow’s posi­tion became more entrenched. “For­eign pol­i­cy was like mow­ing grass for hay,” Kohl explained to the British for­eign min­is­ter, Dou­glas Hurd, at the time. “You had to gath­er what you had cut in case of a thun­der­storm.”
    ...

    Then, in Feb 1990, James Bak­er more or less made Gen­scher’s pro­pos­al to Moscow, but this time it was the US gov­ern­ment mak­ing the offer. Except, like Gen­sch­er, Bak­er’s boss did­n’t sup­port the offer and it was quick­ly aban­doned for an alter­nate deal that only Ger­man troops could be sta­tioned in East­ern Ger­many. That was the only lim­i­ta­tion on the place­ment of new NATO forces when Gor­bachev signed the Treaty on the Final Set­tle­ment with Respect to Ger­many in Sept 1990:

    ...
    In Feb­ru­ary, 1990, Sec­re­tary Bak­er went to Moscow, where he met with Mikhail Gor­bachev, the leader of the Sovi­et Union. Bak­er asked him—“unwit­ting­ly touch­ing off a con­tro­ver­sy that would last decades,” as Sarotte writes—“Would you pre­fer to see a uni­fied Ger­many out­side of NATO, inde­pen­dent and with no U.S. forces, or would you pre­fer a uni­fied Ger­many to be tied to NATO, with assur­ances that NATO’s juris­dic­tion would not shift one inch east­ward from its present posi­tion?” Bak­er was, in essence, float­ing his own, updat­ed ver­sion of Genscher’s pro­posed trade-off, pre­sum­ing that, giv­en the wartime his­to­ry, Sovi­et lead­ers would rather see Ger­many anchored in a mul­ti­lat­er­al alliance than left on its own.

    In her book, Sarotte explains that this one sen­tence would take on a life of its own in the years to come: “Var­i­ous lead­ers in Moscow would point to this exchange as an agree­ment bar­ring NATO from expand­ing beyond its east­ern Cold War bor­der. Bak­er and his aides and sup­port­ers, in con­trast, would point to the hypo­thet­i­cal phras­ing and lack of any writ­ten agree­ment after­ward as a sign that the sec­re­tary had only been test-dri­ving one poten­tial option of many.”

    Pres­i­dent George H. W. Bush strong­ly opposed Baker’s pro­pos­al, which was quick­ly aban­doned. At a meet­ing at Camp David, Bush per­suad­ed Kohl to push for a deal that allowed for a uni­fied Ger­many to join NATO in full, with the sim­ple caveat that only Ger­man troops, rather than for­eign ones, could be based on the ter­ri­to­ry of the for­mer East Ger­many, and only after the Sovi­et mil­i­tary with­drew its own forces. In Sep­tem­ber, 1990, Gor­bachev signed off on the Treaty on the Final Set­tle­ment with Respect to Ger­many. It looked as if the Unit­ed States and Europe had man­aged to achieve their max­i­mum wish list for lit­tle or no cost.
    ...

    So as part of the reuni­fi­ca­tion process for Ger­many, pledges the West nev­er intend­ed to keep were kind of sort of made, but not made in write. But the expan­sion of NATO had­n’t hap­pened yet. Flash for­ward to 1997, and we get to the sec­ond area of con­tention: in 1997, Pol­ish Pres­i­dent Lech Wale­sa man­aged to per­suade Boris Yeltsin to issue a joint state­ment that the prospect of Poland join­ing NATO was “not con­trary to the inter­est of any state, also includ­ing Rus­sia.” Fol­low­ing a domes­tic back­lash over the state­ment, Yeltsin quick back­tracked and argu­ing that the 1990 agree­ment on Ger­man reuni­fi­ca­tion pre­clud­ed the expan­sion of NATO. In effect, Yeltsin was argu­ing that his joint state­ment with Wale­sa was was more an expres­sion of sen­ti­ment, not pol­i­cy. But in the end, the US and Ger­many deter­mined Rus­si­a’s objec­tions had no legal basis, even if the Ger­man for­eign min­istry acknowl­edged that Russ­ian claims con­tained a “polit­i­cal and psy­cho­log­i­cal sub­stance we had to take seri­ous­ly.” Which obvi­ous­ly was­n’t tak­en seri­ous­ly. Instead, the US basi­cal­ly bribed Yeltsin into sign­ing an agree­ment lat­er that year that allowed for the expan­sion of NATO:

    ...
    This his­to­ry is equal­ly messy. One night in War­saw, over din­ner and drinks, the Pol­ish Pres­i­dent at the time, Lech Wale­sa, man­aged to per­suade Yeltsin to issue a joint state­ment that the prospect of Poland join­ing NATO was “not con­trary to the inter­est of any state, also includ­ing Rus­sia.” But, faced with a domes­tic polit­i­cal back­lash, Yeltsin quick­ly retract­ed that state­ment. In fact, Yeltsin and his diplo­mats even­tu­al­ly argued, the 1990 agree­ment on Ger­man reuni­fi­ca­tion pro­hib­it­ed any fur­ther east­ward NATO expansion—if for­eign troops can’t be deployed in the for­mer East Ger­many, then they can’t be any fur­ther to the east, either. Putin’s cur­rent demand—clearly provoca­tive and unrealistic—is for NATO to remove its mil­i­tary infra­struc­ture from states that joined after the 1997 agree­ment.

    In the ear­ly nineties, Bill Clinton’s Admin­is­tra­tion was curi­ous enough to look into the mat­ter, com­mis­sion­ing an inves­ti­ga­tion on the ques­tion of deploy­ing NATO troops east of Ger­many. The take­away was emphat­ic: Yeltsin was wrong. The agree­ment was lim­it­ed to the role that NATO could play in a unit­ed Ger­many, and had noth­ing to do with oth­er coun­tries in East­ern Europe. Amer­i­can diplo­mats should “point­ed­ly remind the Rus­sians of this basic fact,” the report said. Anoth­er opin­ion, this time from the Ger­man for­eign min­istry, ulti­mate­ly agreed, but acknowl­edged that Russ­ian claims con­tained a “polit­i­cal and psy­cho­log­i­cal sub­stance we had to take seri­ous­ly.”

    But the truth was that, by then, Russia’s opin­ion didn’t mat­ter all that much. The West need­ed Moscow’s buy-in on Ger­man reuni­fi­ca­tion in 1990, but there was no for­mal or prac­ti­cal rea­son that it need­ed approval on the ques­tion of extend­ing NATO mem­ber­ship to oth­er coun­tries. Wash­ing­ton “must be very care­ful not to be seen as run­ning after the Rus­sians, offer­ing them con­ces­sions,” Clinton’s Sec­re­tary of State at the time, War­ren Christo­pher, said. More­over, Russia’s bru­tal war in Chech­nya, launched by Yeltsin in 1994, gave addi­tion­al momen­tum to NATO enlarge­ment. For states on Russia’s periph­ery, the con­flict was proof that, even after the fall of the Sovi­et Union, Moscow could not be trust­ed.

    The Clin­ton Admin­is­tra­tion set­tled on a pol­i­cy of using “eco­nom­ic might in bilat­er­al rela­tions with Rus­sia to achieve strate­gic polit­i­cal goals,” as Sarotte puts it. At a sum­mit in Helsin­ki, Clin­ton promised to give Yeltsin four bil­lion dol­lars in invest­ment in 1997, as much as the U.S. had pro­vid­ed in the five years pri­or, while also dan­gling W.T.O. mem­ber­ship and oth­er eco­nom­ic induce­ments. In return, Rus­sia would effec­tive­ly allow unen­cum­bered NATO enlarge­ment. Yeltsin wor­ried that these mea­sures could be per­ceived as “sort of a bribe,” but, giv­en Russia’s emp­ty cof­fers and his uphill prospects for reëlec­tion, he relent­ed.

    ...

    The entire process of NATO enlarge­ment was, in Sarotte’s telling, marked by a “heady feeling”—it was a moment in his­to­ry when, as she writes, Amer­i­ca could flex its mus­cles freely. James Stein­berg, who served in the State Depart­ment and on the Nation­al Secu­ri­ty Coun­cil in the Clin­ton Admin­is­tra­tion, recalled, “You’re par­tic­u­lar­ly attract­ed to things that you don’t have to do but that you want to do.”
    ...

    Will any of this long-stand­ing dis­putes actu­al­ly get resolved as a result of the cur­rent show­down? It’s hard to see that actu­al­ly hap­pen­ing. And yet that Russ­ian sense of betray­al and alarm over NATO isn’t dis­si­pat­ing at the end of this show­down either. The under­ly­ing issues are poised to do noth­ing oth­er than fes­ter until the next cri­sis. And that points to what’s so dis­turb­ing about this sit­u­a­tion: a diplo­mat­ic res­o­lu­tion isn’t real­ly viable. NATO isn’t going to kick out all of those new mem­bers. But a non-diplo­mat­ic res­o­lu­tion isn’t real­ly viable either. It would be WWIII. Diplo­ma­cy isn’t a solu­tion, but nei­ther is war. So how does this seem­ing­ly irrec­on­cil­able con­flict get rec­on­ciled? We’ll find out, and prob­a­bly learn quite a few things about new forms of hybrid war­fare along the way.

    Posted by Pterrafractyl | February 2, 2022, 5:36 pm
  3. Sor­ry for the ram­bling post here, but it’s dif­fi­cult to cap­ture the scope of this cri­sis from one angle.

    Some ques­tions that come to mind while read­ing the New York­er piece are:

    Would this per­spec­tive on NATO incur­sion into Russ­ian prox­im­i­ty be a nar­row piece of per­haps a larg­er picture/plan that involves fur­ther attempts to increase eco­nom­ic dom­i­nance over Rus­sia by west­ern allies? Does the fram­ing of this issue around Russ­ian frus­tra­tion over NATO incur­sion hold Rus­sians as over­ly defen­sive or sen­si­tive over what many could see as a minor detail?

    It seems this issue could have sev­er­al com­po­nents beyond Rus­si­a’s annoy­ance at NATO’s bro­ken promis­es. There should be room to dis­cuss how this move by the US and allies will achieve eco­nom­ic pow­er in the region and choke Russ­ian influ­ence over mar­kets, espe­cial­ly oil and nat­ur­al resources. Do these actions also rep­re­sent some kind of vengeance moti­va­tion for Rus­si­a’s sup­port against US-led efforts in Syr­ia and else­where? As well, when do these provo­ca­tions by West­ern inter­ests dri­ve a stronger Sino-Russ­ian alliance, with per­haps broad­er out­reach to Iran and then South and Cen­tral Amer­i­can coun­tries tar­get­ed by Amer­i­can sanc­tions?

    Addi­tion­al­ly, there seems to be a Wag the Dog com­po­nent to this sto­ry, as it diverts atten­tion away from domes­tic pol­i­cy fail­ures and over­all mis­ery to a coun­try and land that most reg­is­tered vot­ers can’t locate on any map. Whichev­er PR firm was tabbed many years ago to per­form this anti-Rus­si­a/Putin cam­paign has absolute­ly suc­ceed­ed as that sen­ti­ment is evi­dent through­out the Amer­i­can polit­i­cal spec­trum.

    And now, thanks to the main post by Mr. Emory here it’s plain to see how the US exports fas­cism and pro­vides sup­port via mon­ey and weapons to fas­cist inter­ests to obtain region­al dom­i­nance. If I’m not mis­tak­en, this ini­ti­a­tion of tur­moil was pre­scribed for Eura­sia in Brzezin­ski’s Grand Chess­board (and like­ly oth­er works).

    Posted by Sampson | February 4, 2022, 6:51 am
  4. How close did the world just get to full blown war in Ukraine? That’s just one of the many dark ques­tions raised by what appears to be some sort of gross provo­ca­tion that just tran­spired in Ukraine: a kinder­garten was shelled in the vil­lage of Stanyt­sia Luhan­s­ka in the sep­a­ratist region of Luhan­sk near the bor­der of the con­flict. No chil­dren were injured in the attack, but Ukrain­ian news reports that the school was full of 37 kids at the time. The main play area of the build­ing was destroyed and two teach­ers were injured.

    The Ukrain­ian gov­ern­ment and US imme­di­ate­ly labeled it a false flag provo­ca­tion car­ried out by Rus­sia. Impor­tant­ly, there are no reports yet of any­one being able to deter­mine where the attack actu­al­ly orig­i­nat­ed. US Sec­re­tary of State Antony Blinken framed the attack as an exam­ple of the kind of false flag attack the US had been warn­ing about for weeks now. And that’s part of what makes this sto­ry so dis­turb­ing. First we have weeks of warn­ings about Russ­ian false flag attacks. Warn­ings that dou­ble as cov­er for Ukraine’s far right mili­tia should they decide to cre­ate a provo­ca­tion of their own. And now we have exact­ly the kind of provo­ca­tion play out that all these vocal warn­ings were sup­posed to help ward off in the first place and they’re imme­di­ate­ly labeled a false flag. It’s like a recipe as been cre­at­ed for encour­ag­ing false flag attacks pre­tend­ing to be the oth­er side’s false flag attacks. WWIII could be trig­gered by a false flag false flag:

    Reuters

    U.S. says Rus­sia is prepar­ing pre­text to invade Ukraine

    By Dmit­ry Antonov and Pavel Poli­tyuk

    Feb­ru­ary 17, 2022 2:43 PM CST Updat­ed

    * Blinken out­lines pos­si­ble sce­nar­ios
    * Zelen­skiy calls shelling ‘big provo­ca­tion’
    * Krem­lin says it is seri­ous­ly con­cerned
    * West dis­putes Russ­ian announce­ment of pull­back

    MOSCOW/KYIV, Feb 17 (Reuters) — U.S. Pres­i­dent Joe Biden said on Thurs­day there was now every indi­ca­tion Rus­sia was plan­ning to invade Ukraine in the next few days and was prepar­ing a pre­text to jus­ti­fy it, after Ukrain­ian forces and pro-Moscow rebels trad­ed fire in east­ern Ukraine.

    The Krem­lin accused Biden of stok­ing ten­sion and released a strong­ly word­ed let­ter that said Wash­ing­ton was ignor­ing its secu­ri­ty demands and threat­ened unspec­i­fied “mil­i­tary-tech­ni­cal mea­sures”.

    Moscow also ordered the expul­sion of the num­ber two offi­cial from the U.S. embassy.

    Ear­ly morn­ing exchanges of fire between Ukraine and pro-Russ­ian sep­a­ratists — who have been at war for years and where a cease­fire is peri­od­i­cal­ly vio­lat­ed — trig­gered alarm. West­ern offi­cials who have long warned that Moscow could try to cre­ate a sce­nario to jus­ti­fy an inva­sion said they believed that was now unfold­ing.

    We have rea­son to believe they are engaged in a false flag oper­a­tion to have an excuse to go in. Every indi­ca­tion we have is they’re pre­pared to go into Ukraine and attack Ukraine,” Biden told reporters at the White House. read more

    “My sense is this will hap­pen in the next sev­er­al days.”

    Biden ordered Sec­re­tary of State Antony Blinken to change his trav­el plans at the last minute to speak at a Unit­ed Nations Secu­ri­ty Coun­cil meet­ing on Ukraine.

    Blinken out­lined to the Coun­cil what he said were pos­si­ble sce­nar­ios Rus­sia could cre­ate to jus­ti­fy an inva­sion. read more

    “This could be a vio­lent event that Rus­sia will bring on Ukraine, or an out­ra­geous accu­sa­tion that Rus­sia will lev­el against the Ukrain­ian gov­ern­ment,” Blinken said.

    It could be a fab­ri­cat­ed so-called ter­ror­ist bomb­ing inside Rus­sia, the invent­ed dis­cov­ery of a mass grave, a staged drone strike against civil­ians, or a fake — even a real — attack using chem­i­cal weapons. Rus­sia may describe this event as eth­nic cleans­ing, or a geno­cide.

    Russ­ian Deputy For­eign Min­is­ter Sergei Ver­shinin said Blinken’s com­ments were regret­table and dan­ger­ous and that some Russ­ian sol­diers were return­ing to home bases. Rus­sia also dis­trib­uted a let­ter to U.N. Secu­ri­ty Coun­cil mem­bers accus­ing Ukrain­ian author­i­ties of “exter­mi­nat­ing” civil­ians in the east.

    HYSTERIA

    Rus­sia denies plan­ning to invade its neigh­bour and has accused West­ern lead­ers of hys­te­ria. This week it said it was pulling back some of the more than 100,000 troops it has massed near the fron­tier with Ukraine and on Thurs­day it said some had returned to bases from Crimea, which Rus­sia annexed from Ukraine in 2014.

    Wash­ing­ton says Rus­sia is not with­draw­ing, but in fact send­ing more forces. White House spokesper­son Karine Jean-Pierre said on Thurs­day Wash­ing­ton had con­firmed that Rus­sia had added 7,000 troops to its pres­ence at the Ukrain­ian bor­der over the past 24 hours, a cause of “seri­ous con­cern”.

    ...

    Rus­si­a’s defence min­istry released video it said showed more Russ­ian units leav­ing the area near the bor­der.

    Maxar Tech­nolo­gies, a pri­vate U.S. com­pa­ny that has been track­ing the build-up, said satel­lite images showed that, while Rus­sia has pulled back some mil­i­tary equip­ment from near Ukraine, oth­er hard­ware has arrived. read more

    DONBASS SHELLING

    Ukraine and pro-Russ­ian rebels gave con­flict­ing accounts of shelling across the front in the Don­bass sep­a­ratist region. The details could not be estab­lished inde­pen­dent­ly, but reports from both sides sug­gest­ed an inci­dent more seri­ous than the rou­tine cease­fire vio­la­tions that are often report­ed in the area.

    Krem­lin spokesper­son Dmit­ry Peskov said Moscow was “seri­ous­ly con­cerned” about the reports of an esca­la­tion. Rus­sia has long accused Kyiv of plan­ning to pro­voke esca­la­tion as an excuse to seize rebel ter­ri­to­ry by force, which Ukraine denies.

    Ukraine’s Pres­i­dent Volodymyr Zelen­skiy said the pro-Russ­ian forces had shelled a kinder­garten, in what he called a “big provo­ca­tion”. Video footage released by Ukrain­ian police showed a hole through a brick wall in a room scat­tered with debris and chil­dren’s toys.

    “Some provo­ca­tions were planned for today, we expect­ed them and thought that a war had begun,” Dmytro, a res­i­dent of the vil­lage of Stanyt­sia Luhan­s­ka, told Reuters.

    The sep­a­ratists, for their part, accused gov­ern­ment forces of open­ing fire on their ter­ri­to­ry four times in the past 24 hours.

    Nei­ther account could be ver­i­fied. A Reuters pho­tog­ra­ph­er in the town of Kadi­iv­ka, in Ukraine’s rebel-held Luhan­sk region, heard the sound of some artillery fire from the direc­tion of the line of con­tact, but was not able to deter­mine details.

    ...

    ————-

    “U.S. says Rus­sia is prepar­ing pre­text to invade Ukraine” By Dmit­ry Antonov and Pavel Poli­tyuk; Reuters; 02/17/2022

    ““We have rea­son to believe they are engaged in a false flag oper­a­tion to have an excuse to go in. Every indi­ca­tion we have is they’re pre­pared to go into Ukraine and attack Ukraine,” Biden told reporters at the White House.”

    It’s explic­it: the US is accus­ing Rus­sia of plan­ning false flag oper­a­tions that look like war crimes com­mit­ted by the Ukrain­ian side of the con­flict. Sec­re­tary of State Blinken even described var­i­ous pos­si­ble sce­nar­ios, includ­ing strikes against civil­ians and events that could be char­ac­ter­ized as eth­nic cleans­ing or a geno­cide. The kind of event we can rea­son­ably expect Ukraine’s neo-Nazi bat­tal­ions would indeed absolute­ly love to com­mit against civil­ians. So we’re see­ing a sit­u­a­tion unfold where Ukraine’s far right mili­tias have basi­cal­ly been giv­en pre­emp­tive cov­er to car­ry out a mas­sacre and have it blamed on Rus­sia.

    But the most alarm­ing part of this sto­ry these state­ments rough­ly coin­cid­ed with what appears to be a real attempt­ed mas­sacre, with the shelling of a kinder­garten in the vil­lage of Stanyt­sia Luhan­s­ka, locat­ed in the sep­a­ratist Luhan­sk region. A kinder­garten that had peo­ple inside at the time. Both sides are accus­ing each oth­er of the attack while Ukraine’s Pres­i­dent Volodymyr Zelen­skiy is already call­ing the event a “big provo­ca­tion”, which is kind of an under­state­ment. You almost could­n’t come up with a more provoca­tive tar­get than a kinder­garten with peo­ple inside:

    ...
    Blinken out­lined to the Coun­cil what he said were pos­si­ble sce­nar­ios Rus­sia could cre­ate to jus­ti­fy an inva­sion. read more

    “This could be a vio­lent event that Rus­sia will bring on Ukraine, or an out­ra­geous accu­sa­tion that Rus­sia will lev­el against the Ukrain­ian gov­ern­ment,” Blinken said.

    It could be a fab­ri­cat­ed so-called ter­ror­ist bomb­ing inside Rus­sia, the invent­ed dis­cov­ery of a mass grave, a staged drone strike against civil­ians, or a fake — even a real — attack using chem­i­cal weapons. Rus­sia may describe this event as eth­nic cleans­ing, or a geno­cide.

    ...

    Ukraine and pro-Russ­ian rebels gave con­flict­ing accounts of shelling across the front in the Don­bass sep­a­ratist region. The details could not be estab­lished inde­pen­dent­ly, but reports from both sides sug­gest­ed an inci­dent more seri­ous than the rou­tine cease­fire vio­la­tions that are often report­ed in the area.

    ...

    Ukraine’s Pres­i­dent Volodymyr Zelen­skiy said the pro-Russ­ian forces had shelled a kinder­garten, in what he called a “big provo­ca­tion”. Video footage released by Ukrain­ian police showed a hole through a brick wall in a room scat­tered with debris and chil­dren’s toys.

    “Some provo­ca­tions were planned for today, we expect­ed them and thought that a war had begun,” Dmytro, a res­i­dent of the vil­lage of Stanyt­sia Luhan­s­ka, told Reuters.

    The sep­a­ratists, for their part, accused gov­ern­ment forces of open­ing fire on their ter­ri­to­ry four times in the past 24 hours.

    Nei­ther account could be ver­i­fied. A Reuters pho­tog­ra­ph­er in the town of Kadi­iv­ka, in Ukraine’s rebel-held Luhan­sk region, heard the sound of some artillery fire from the direc­tion of the line of con­tact, but was not able to deter­mine details.
    ...

    Real­ly, what are the odds that the build­ing one hit in this attack was a kinder­garten with peo­ple inside. And not just peo­ple. Chil­dren. That’s accord­ing to the fol­low­ing Dai­ly Beast arti­cle that cites Ukrain­ian news reports of 37 chil­dren inside at the time of the attack. None of the chil­dren where injured but the two injured adults were indeed teach­ers at the school. The part of the school that was direct­ly hit was described as the main play area of the school. So we almost had one of the worst provo­ca­tions imag­in­able play out, rais­ing the grim ques­tion of what’s next:

    The Dai­ly Beast

    Pro-Russ­ian Forces Shell Ukrain­ian Kinder­garten Full of Kids
    ‘PARTICULAR CYNICISM’

    A flare-up in fight­ing along the front­line comes as the Krem­lin warns of a “new out­break of war in the imme­di­ate vicin­i­ty of our bor­ders.”
    Alli­son Quinn

    News Edi­tor
    Updat­ed Feb. 17, 2022 10:32AM ET
    Pub­lished Feb. 17, 2022 6:13AM ET

    A kinder­garten in Ukrain­ian-con­trolled ter­ri­to­ry took a direct hit from artillery fire by Russ­ian-backed sep­a­ratists ear­ly Thurs­day, leav­ing two teach­ers injured, author­i­ties said.

    The attack comes as ten­sions have reached a boil­ing point amid grow­ing fears of a Russ­ian offen­sive. Inten­si­fied fight­ing has erupt­ed along the front­line and the Krem­lin appeared to add fuel to pre­dic­tions by U.S. offi­cials that it might be seek­ing a “pre­text” to send troops into the coun­try.

    The kinder­garten in the town of Stanyt­sya Luhanska—one of the most dan­ger­ous places along the bat­tle-scarred frontline—was report­ed­ly full of chil­dren at the time of the attack, but they were not said to have been injured. Two teach­ers were hurt, accord­ing to Ukrain­skaya Prav­da, which cit­ed Ukrain­ian vol­un­teers. The Ukrain­ian military’s Joint Forces Oper­a­tion said civil­ians in the area had been evac­u­at­ed in light of the shelling, which it said demon­strat­ed “par­tic­u­lar cyn­i­cism” by Russ­ian prox­ies.

    Pho­tos from the scene post­ed by the JFO showed sev­er­al women tak­ing shel­ter in a bunker, while what appeared to be the main play area of the kinder­garten was destroyed. The wall, dec­i­mat­ed by shelling, was left with a gap­ing hole, and debris was scat­tered all over the floor next to children’s toys.

    British Prime Min­is­ter Boris John­son called the attack “a false flag oper­a­tion designed to dis­cred­it the Ukraini­ans.” Ukrain­ian Pres­i­dent Volodymyr Zelen­sky called it a “big provo­ca­tion.”

    The shelling came as mon­i­tors from the Orga­ni­za­tion for Secu­ri­ty and Coop­er­a­tion in Europe report­ed a surge in cease­fire vio­la­tions, and a spate of shelling attacks along the front­line on Thurs­day alone. A school in the town of Vru­biv­ka, in the Luhan­sk region, was also dam­aged by shelling Thurs­day among the inten­si­fied attacks. Thir­ty sev­en school chil­dren were inside at the time a shell sent shrap­nel into the build­ing, but they were not injured, accord­ing to local reports.

    In Maryin­ka, in the Donet­sk region, a woman suf­fered a shrap­nel injury to her hand while at a pub­lic bus stop.

    Moscow and its prox­ies in the Don­bas, mean­while, accused Ukrain­ian forces of act­ing as the aggres­sor.

    “The sit­u­a­tion on the line of con­tact has sharply esca­lat­ed. The ene­my is mak­ing attempts to unleash active hos­til­i­ties,” lead­ers of the Donet­sk People’s Repub­lic wrote on Telegram.

    Dmit­ry Peskov, Vladimir Putin’s spokesman, warned of a “new out­break of war in the imme­di­ate vicin­i­ty of our bor­ders.”

    He went on to say that “provoca­tive actions by Ukraine have only inten­si­fied along the front­line in recent days,” echo­ing rhetoric used by the Krem­lin in the run-up to the Russ­ian inva­sion of Geor­gia in 2008.

    While much of the world react­ed with relief ear­li­er this week to Moscow’s announce­ment of a par­tial troop with­draw­al from Ukraine’s bor­ders, West­ern lead­ers have warned that the Krem­lin actu­al­ly appears to be send­ing more troops, and that all indi­ca­tions sug­gest Rus­sia may unleash a bru­tal attack on Ukraine by cre­at­ing a “pre­text” for mil­i­tary action.

    ...

    Putin accused Ukrain­ian author­i­ties of “geno­cide” ear­li­er this week as law­mak­ers urged him to rec­og­nize the inde­pen­dence of the two occu­pied ter­ri­to­ries in Ukraine con­trolled by pro-Krem­lin fight­ers.

    A day before the shelling, Moscow claimed to have found “mass graves” in the Don­bas region with hun­dreds of civil­ians killed by Ukrain­ian troops at the height of fight­ing in 2014.

    Echo­ing alle­ga­tions that were ram­pant in Krem­lin-con­trolled media at the peak of fight­ing in Ukraine’s east in 2014–2015, Russia’s Inves­tiga­tive Com­mit­tee on Wednes­day said it had opened a crim­i­nal case over the hun­dreds of “Russ­ian-speak­ing” civil­ians it said had been found in the graves.

    Inves­ti­ga­tors did not say how they deter­mined the vic­tims were killed by Ukrain­ian forces, or that they were Russ­ian speak­ers. The grave was said to have been dis­cov­ered last fall in Ukrain­ian ter­ri­to­ries con­trolled by Russ­ian-backed sep­a­ratists.

    “Of these, the remains of at least 295 civil­ians who were killed as a result of indis­crim­i­nate shelling by Ukrain­ian armed forces in 2014 were exhumed. It is already known that among the remains are bod­ies of women of var­i­ous ages,” the com­mit­tee said in a state­ment.

    This is not the first time Russia’s Inves­tiga­tive Com­mit­tee has announced charges against Ukrain­ian forces dur­ing the eight-year war in the Don­bas. Through­out 2014, 2015, and even 2016, the com­mit­tee reg­u­lar­ly announced war crimes alle­ga­tions against Ukrain­ian troops, at times even sin­gling out spe­cif­ic sol­diers it accused of crimes on Ukrain­ian ter­ri­to­ry.

    The alle­ga­tions have large­ly been seen as part of a wider Krem­lin pro­pa­gan­da effort to boost sup­port for Moscow’s war on the “Nazis” and “fas­cists” it claims are in con­trol of Ukraine.

    ————

    “Pro-Russ­ian Forces Shell Ukrain­ian Kinder­garten Full of Kids” by Alli­son Quinn; The Dai­ly Beast; 02/17/2022

    The kinder­garten in the town of Stanyt­sya Luhanska—one of the most dan­ger­ous places along the bat­tle-scarred frontline—was report­ed­ly full of chil­dren at the time of the attack, but they were not said to have been injured. Two teach­ers were hurt, accord­ing to Ukrain­skaya Prav­da, which cit­ed Ukrain­ian vol­un­teers. The Ukrain­ian military’s Joint Forces Oper­a­tion said civil­ians in the area had been evac­u­at­ed in light of the shelling, which it said demon­strat­ed “par­tic­u­lar cyn­i­cism” by Russ­ian prox­ies.”

    A kinder­garten full of chil­dren, 37 of them. We’re just lucky none of them were injured and they weren’t all play­ing in the main play area. Near­ly 10 years after the Sandy Hook mas­sacre it’s like some­one was plan­ning a Sandy Hook-inspired trig­ger for WWIII:

    ...
    Pho­tos from the scene post­ed by the JFO showed sev­er­al women tak­ing shel­ter in a bunker, while what appeared to be the main play area of the kinder­garten was destroyed. The wall, dec­i­mat­ed by shelling, was left with a gap­ing hole, and debris was scat­tered all over the floor next to children’s toys.

    British Prime Min­is­ter Boris John­son called the attack “a false flag oper­a­tion designed to dis­cred­it the Ukraini­ans.” Ukrain­ian Pres­i­dent Volodymyr Zelen­sky called it a “big provo­ca­tion.”

    The shelling came as mon­i­tors from the Orga­ni­za­tion for Secu­ri­ty and Coop­er­a­tion in Europe report­ed a surge in cease­fire vio­la­tions, and a spate of shelling attacks along the front­line on Thurs­day alone. A school in the town of Vru­biv­ka, in the Luhan­sk region, was also dam­aged by shelling Thurs­day among the inten­si­fied attacks. Thir­ty sev­en school chil­dren were inside at the time a shell sent shrap­nel into the build­ing, but they were not injured, accord­ing to local reports.
    ...

    Keep in mind that who­ev­er car­ried out this attack either had very poor aim, very bad luck, or was will­ing to kill a large num­ber of young chil­dren. It’s not like there was a large num­ber of build­ings hit. It’s as if it was tar­get­ed. So if this real­ly was a false flag attack car­ried out by the sep­a­ratists them­selves, they would have had to be will­ing to basi­cal­ly slaugh­ter their own kids. That’s the sto­ry we’re being asked to buy here.

    And, again, this is just the lat­est event tak­ing place in an envi­ron­ment that itself is like one giant provo­ca­tion for WWIII. It’s like a show­down that won’t accept no for an answer. And who­ev­er car­ried out that attack is still out there. There’s still plen­ty of oppor­tu­ni­ties for anoth­er Sandy Hook-inspired trig­ger for WWIII.

    Posted by Pterrafractyl | February 17, 2022, 2:57 pm

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