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COMMENT: The ele­va­tion of Raoul Wal­len­berg to the sta­tus of a saint eclipses very impor­tant infor­ma­tion about his appar­ent col­lab­o­ra­tion with SS-con­trolled busi­ness con­tacts.

More impor­tant­ly, Wal­len­berg was a mem­ber of a con­sum­mate­ly pow­er­ful fam­i­ly of Swedish oli­garchs, whose oper­a­tions active­ly aid­ed Nazi Ger­many in a fun­da­men­tal way and whose Amer­i­can sub­sidiary prop­er­ties com­mit­ted trea­son against the U.S.

The arti­cle below is from Mr. Emory’s Patre­on plat­form.

The Wal­len­berg File

The name Raoul Wal­len­berg has become syn­ony­mous with self­less endeav­or in times of cri­sis. A “diplo­mat” cred­it­ed with sav­ing a large num­ber of East­ern Euro­pean Jews from exter­mi­na­tion at the hands of the Nazis dur­ing World War II, Wal­len­berg has had schools, NGOs, civic mon­u­ments and awards cre­at­ed in his name.

The almost myth­ic pub­lic acclaim accord­ed to Raoul Wal­len­berg has eclipsed dark­er activ­i­ties of his, over­lap­ping the cyn­i­cal oper­a­tions of the Swedish Wal­len­berg clam dur­ing the Sec­ond World War.

Key axis col­lab­o­ra­tors dur­ing World War II, the Wal­len­berg fam­i­ly lever­aged their glob­al monop­oly on ball bear­ings, cor­rupt­ing the offi­cial “neu­tral­i­ty” enjoyed by Swe­den and main­tain­ing crit­i­cal Nazi influ­ence in the post­war world through par­tic­i­pa­tion in the remark­able and dead­ly Bor­mann flight cap­i­tal orga­ni­za­tion. (1)

Far from the altru­is­tic cru­sad­er he has been made out to be, the avail­able infor­ma­tion sug­gests the dis­tinct pos­si­bil­i­ty that Wal­len­berg was actu­al­ly a spy and that his activ­i­ties spar­ing Jews was part of maneu­ver­ing late in the war by the SS lead­er­ship to gain ran­somed wealth, immu­ni­ty for their crimes, lenien­cy from the West­ern allies.

SKF and the Enskil­da Bank: Wal­len­berg Car­tel Pow­er

Under­stand­ing the Wal­len­berg family’s glob­al pow­er and the foun­da­tion of their col­lab­o­ra­tion with the Third Reich entails analy­sis and under­stand­ing of the Wal­len­bergs’ SKF firm and the family’s con­trol of the pow­er­ful Enskil­da Bank, the finan­cial spig­ot that watered the deci­sive indus­tri­al influ­ence enjoyed by the clan.

Of par­tic­u­lar inter­est for our pur­pos­es are the Ger­man and Amer­i­can sub­sidiaries of SKF and the firms’ behav­ior dur­ing the Sec­ond World War.

Glob­al Pow­er, Axis Incli­na­tion

With a vir­tu­al monop­oly on the man­u­fac­ture of ball bear­ings, an essen­tial ele­ment of indus­tri­al pro­duc­tion and mil­i­tary man­u­fac­tur­ing in par­tic­u­lar, SKF enjoyed a sta­tus with­in Sweden’s pow­er elite that con­ferred a qua­si-gov­ern­men­tal sta­tus on SKF, the affil­i­at­ed Enskil­da Bank and the pow­er­ful Wal­len­berg fam­i­ly that con­trolled both. (2)

Fre­quent­ly, the SKF was rep­re­sent­ed in for­eign coun­tries by “ambas­sadors, min­is­ters, or con­suls, who rep­re­sent­ed Swedish pol­i­cy all over the world.” (3)

In addi­tion, SKF and the Wal­len­berg fam­i­ly con­trolled what might be viewed as a ver­ti­cal monop­oly, sup­ple­ment­ing the hor­i­zon­tal monop­oly SKF had on ball bear­ings. Indeed, the scope of the firm’s inter­na­tion­al hold­ings might qual­i­fy its oper­a­tional struc­ture as a car­tel. The com­pa­ny “con­trolled iron ore mines, steel and blast fur­naces, foundries and plants in the Unit­ed States, Great Britain, France, and Ger­many.” (4)

The Wal­len­berg clan’s dom­i­nant fig­ure in the oper­a­tions of SKF and relat­ed indus­tries was Jakob Wal­len­berg. He was in charge of “min­ing, shale oil, elec­tri­cal goods . . . . vir­tu­al­ly the whole indus­tri­al econ­o­my of his native coun­try.” (5)

A com­plex Swedish-Ger­man cor­po­rate maneu­ver spawned the VKF com­pa­ny, a Ger­man plant with tremen­dous ball-bear­ing pro­duc­tion capac­i­ty. Although it was nom­i­nal­ly Ger­man, own­er­ship doc­u­ments indi­cat­ed that SKF con­trolled 99.7 per­cent of the stock of VKF. (6)

An indi­ca­tor of SKF’s ide­o­log­i­cal lean­ings can be gleaned from the facts that: over 60 per­cent of SKF’s pro­duc­tion until late in the war was ded­i­cat­ed to Ger­man war pro­duc­tion; the pro­duc­tion at its fac­to­ry in Schwe­in­furt Ger­many was pro­duc­ing at 93 per­cent of capac­i­ty; its U.S. sub­sidiary pro­duced less than 38 per­cent of capac­i­ty and its British sub­sidiary still less. (7)

In addi­tion to ball bear­ings, the SKF milieu was deeply involved with pro­vid­ing the Third Reich with a gen­er­ous por­tion of its steel, as the company’s founder, Sven Win­quist, along with ITT chief and Axis col­lab­o­ra­tor Sos­thenes Behn and Elec­trolux founder and Nazi sym­pa­thiz­er Axel-Wen­ner Gren also con­trolled the Swedish Bofors firm, which pro­vid­ed Ger­many with much of its steel. (8)

Inter­na­tion­al cor­po­rate maneu­ver­ing involv­ing the Wal­len­bergs extend­ed to oth­er firms involved with the car­tels’ dom­i­nance of Ger­man war pro­duc­tion. Mar­cus Wal­len­berg oper­at­ed as an agent of the Reichs­bank while the Enskil­da bank bought the shares of I.G. Far­ben sub­sidiary Amer­i­can Bosch, putting them in a finan­cial hold­ing com­pa­ny called “A.B. Investor.’ (9) One George Mur­name was des­ig­nat­ed by the Enskil­da Bank as the “sole vot­ing trustee with com­plete pow­er to vote the Amer­i­can Bosch stock at stock­hold­ers’ meet­ings in the U.S.” (10) John Fos­ter Dulles was posi­tioned to name Murname’s suc­ces­sor in case he passed away. (11) Sul­li­van & Cromwell rep­re­sent­ed the Enskil­da Bank and the Wal­len­bergs in the U.S. (12)

Even though the maneu­ver­ing out­lined above pre­served the legal own­er­ship of Bosch in neu­tral hands, the par­ent firm in Ger­many was still able to exer­cise restric­tive tech­no­log­i­cal patent con­trol, rebuff­ing the U.S. Navy’s attempts at get­ting a broad­en­ing of the license for fuel-injec­tion sys­tems for war­ships. (13)

Fos­ter Dulles set up a vot­ing trust for Amer­i­can Bosch with him­self and William L. Batt as trustees. Batt’s activ­i­ties are of piv­otal inter­est. (14)

William L. Batt and Hugo von Rosen

SKF’s Amer­i­can sub­sidiary in Philadel­phia was con­trolled by two men whose activ­i­ties high­light and encap­su­late the pro-Axis activ­i­ties of SKF. William L. Batt and Her­mann Goring’s sec­ond cousin by mar­riage Hugo von Rosen steered SKF’s U.S. sub­sidiary in a deft fash­ion, serv­ing Germany’s busi­ness inter­ests while suc­cess­ful­ly deflect­ing attempts at curb­ing activ­i­ties which would be char­ac­ter­ized as trea­so­nous under nor­mal cir­cum­stances.

Batt’s efforts on behalf of the SKF inter­ests were effec­tive­ly masked by his posi­tion as vice-chair­man of the War Pro­duc­tion Board, per­son­al­ly appoint­ed by Franklin Delano Roo­sevelt him­self. (15) Batt’s maneu­ver­ing on behalf of SKF and Ger­many was cou­pled with vehe­ment exhor­ta­tions to the aver­age Amer­i­can to do what­ev­er they could to forego many prod­ucts deemed essen­tial to war pro­duc­tion, such as “tin cans, old tires, rags, news­pa­pers, old wool and even fats need­ed for glyc­erin.” (16)

Sup­ply­ing Latin Amer­i­ca; Break­ing the Block­ade

Among the pro-Axis behav­ior of Batt and von Rosen was sup­ply­ing the “Pro­claimed Lis­tees” in Latin Amer­i­ca with ball bear­ings. Faced with naval block­ade and exec­u­tive restric­tions of ball bear­ing ship­ments from SKF to Nazi and Ital­ian affil­i­at­ed com­pa­nies in Latin Amer­i­ca, the Swedish firm turned to its Amer­i­can sub­sidiary and the efforts of William L. Batt and Hugo von Rosen to keep the Axis-affil­i­at­ed firms in the South­ern Hemi­sphere sup­plied.

Von Rosen saw to it that SKF’s Axis-affil­i­at­ed com­pa­nies cir­cum­vent­ed the Allied block­ade by pro­vid­ing them with suf­fi­cient qual­i­ties of ball-bear­ings from the Philadel­phia plant. (17)

Starv­ing the U.S. Army Air Force

The conglomerate’s Philadel­phia sub­sidiary min­i­mized ball bear­ing pro­duc­tion. The rel­a­tive pauci­ty of bear­ings sup­plied to the U.S. Army Air Force ham­pered the oper­a­tions of that ser­vice (before the Air Force was estab­lished as a sep­a­rate enti­ty). As not­ed above, SKF’s Philadel­phia plant oper­at­ed at 38 per­cent of capac­i­ty.

When an Amer­i­can SKF exec­u­tive went to Wash­ing­ton D.C. to vent his frus­tra­tion with von Rosen’s obstruc­tion of the U.S. aer­i­al cam­paign, he had a note­wor­thy con­fronta­tion with William L. Batt, who (it should be remem­bered) was vice-chair­man of the War Pro­duc­tion Board. Batt’s response was “Noth­ing can be done. Nor will it be done.” (18)

Appar­ent­ly to cov­er for the bear­ings being ille­gal­ly shipped to Latin Amer­i­ca, per­son­nel of the Philadel­phia plant doc­tored inven­to­ries, to make it appear that far few­er ball bear­ings were being man­u­fac­tured than were actu­al­ly being made. (19).

Von Rosen also saw to it that some bear­ings were delib­er­ate­ly defi­cient and con­se­quent­ly use­less. He oper­at­ed with impuni­ty. (20)

Con­tin­ued Sub­ver­sion of the Allied Cause

Sub­vert­ing man­u­fac­tur­ing was not the only under­tak­ing of von Rosen. He also saw to it that crit­i­cal doc­u­ments about pro­duc­tion process­es and patents were secret­ly smug­gled to Swe­den, to SKF’s par­ent firm, in direct con­tra­ven­tion of U.S. law. (21)

Even­tu­al­ly, the Philadel­phia plant was grant­ed a license to deal inter­na­tion­al­ly, legal­iz­ing much of its de-fac­to trea­son. (22)

The Philadel­phia plant was allowed to slide on the issue of Swedish-Ger­man own­er­ship, which would have facil­i­tat­ed seizure of the firm as Axis prop­er­ty. Batt burned rel­e­vant doc­u­ments in order to main­tain this cha­rade. (23)

Rebuff­ing Gov­ern­men­tal Author­i­ty

J.S. Tawre­sey, a chief engi­neer and board mem­ber of the Philadel­phia plant charged von Rosen and Blatt with delib­er­ate sub­ver­sion of the war effort, cit­ing the company’s con­sis­tent fail­ure to pro­vide 150,000 bear­ings per month to the Pratt & Whit­ney firm for its pro­duc­tion of engines for fight­er air­craft. In dis­gust, he resigned from the com­pa­ny and joined the Army Air Force, a posi­tion which per­mit­ted him to call atten­tion to SKF’s sub­ver­sive behav­ior. (24)

Sup­ple­ment­ing the Philadel­phia plant’s trea­son was Nation­al City Bank, which chan­neled prof­its from von Rosen’s ille­gal sup­ply­ing of Axis-affil­i­at­ed Latin Amer­i­can com­pa­nies to SKF’s par­ent firm in Swe­den. (25) That traf­fic deliv­ered 600,000 bear­ings a year to the Axis plants in Latin Amer­i­ca.

1943: The Fruits of Car­tel

As Germany’s inven­to­ry of SKF’s bear­ings became deplet­ed, the par­ent com­pa­ny arranged for bear­ings to be shipped to Ger­many from the Latin Amer­i­can mar­ket. Because of their total depen­dence on SKF for their bear­ings, both Great Britain and the Sovi­et Union acqui­esced in this oper­a­tion! (26)

In order to deprive Ger­many of vital ball bear­ing pro­duc­tion, the U.S. Army Air Force under­took a series of bomb­ing raids on VKF’s Schwe­in­furt fac­to­ries in Ger­many. Just before the attacks, Batt flew to Swe­den in an Amer­i­can bomber, accom­pa­nied by sev­er­al U.S. offi­cers. The trip was essen­tial­ly and offi­cial­ly to facil­i­tate the trans­fer of more bear­ings to Philadel­phia, despite the fact that pro­duc­tion had sta­bi­lized by that point. (27)

The actu­al pur­pose of Batt’s meet­ing with Jacob Wal­len­berg and Swen Win­quist remains a mys­tery. That real pur­pose should be pon­dered in light of the obser­va­tions of U.S. Army Air Force Gen­er­al Hen­ry H. (“Hap”) Arnold: “ . . . . I don’t know how they could have pre­pared the defense they did unless they had been warned in advance.” (28) The Army Air Force lost fifty heavy bombers in one raid alone! (29) Some sources claim the toll was six­ty planes.

When the raids tem­porar­i­ly knocked out Ger­man pro­duc­tion, the par­ent firm, Swedish SKF, replaced the lost Ger­man inven­to­ry. (30)

Ger­man-Swedish ball bear­ing trade from SKF tripled in the after­math of the Schwe­in­furt raids, gen­er­at­ing out­rage from Gen­er­al Carl Spaatz, who not­ed both British and Amer­i­can com­plic­i­ty with the increase. When he pre­cip­i­tat­ed inquiry into the traf­fic, he was informed that the British were whol­ly depen­dent on SKF’s pro­duc­tion, fol­low­ing the Luftwaffe’s suc­cess­ful raid on the SKF fac­to­ry in Britain! (31)

Even­tu­al­ly, SKF’s traf­fic to Ger­many peaked in 1943, despite six­teen cost­ly raids against Schwe­in­furt. (32)

Fol­low­ing lengthy, tedious delib­er­a­tions, an Amer­i­can nego­ti­at­ing team that had trav­eled to Stock­holm in an effort to rec­ti­fy the sit­u­a­tion, it was agreed that “ . . . . An $8 mil­lion cred­it was to be paid to the Enskil­da Bank. [To buy off SKF production—D.E.] . . . When the war was over . . . there would be no anti-trust action against SKF. SKF would keep all of its Ger­man prop­er­ties, for­ev­er, and all SKF Nazi con­nec­tions in the Unit­ed States would be for­giv­en, and—more importantly—unexposed. . . .” (33)

Even that agree­ment proved illu­so­ry: The Swedes con­tin­u­al­ly reneged on the agreed upon quo­tas shipped to Ger­many. (34)

In 1946, William L. Batt con­ferred with James Stew­art Mar­tin, in a suc­cess­ful effort to see to it that none of the SKF/VKF fac­to­ries in Ger­many would be removed from Ger­many for war repa­ra­tions. (Mar­tin was in charge of the ulti­mate­ly unsuc­cess­ful attempts at decarteliza­tion and eco­nom­ic reform in Ger­many.) (35)

Raoul Wal­len­berg and U.S. Intel­li­gence

Anoth­er mem­ber of the fam­i­ly, Raoul Wal­len­berg, has been lion­ized for hav­ing res­cued many Jews from exter­mi­na­tion at the hands of the Nazis by obtain­ing offi­cial Swedish “papers.”

He dis­ap­peared at the end of the war, and the details of his fate have remained enig­mat­ic.

The “mys­tery” of Raoul Wallenberg’s dis­ap­pear­ance becomes more trans­par­ent as infor­ma­tion sur­faces that he had oper­a­tional links to ele­ments of U.S. intel­li­gence dur­ing World War II.

It is gen­er­al­ly believed that he died in a Sovi­et prison dur­ing the Cold War, an alle­ga­tion that gains dimen­sion when the activ­i­ties of Raoul Wal­len­berg in con­junc­tion with both the Office of Strate­gic Ser­vices (America’s World War II intel­li­gence ser­vice and a direct pre­cur­sor of the CIA) and a far more secre­tive orga­ni­za­tion called “The Pond.”

That Wal­len­berg was per­form­ing an intel­li­gence func­tion was large­ly con­firmed when the CIA released a doc­u­ment acknowl­edg­ing that he was recruit­ed for his res­cue mis­sion by an agent for the OSS. (36)

In addi­tion, the Stock­holm chief of the War Refugee Board, one Iver C. Olsen, belonged to the 35-man OSS con­tin­gent in that city, and he had done the actu­al secret recruit­ment of Raoul Wal­len­berg, who masked his U.S. intel­li­gence con­nec­tion by secret­ly com­mu­ni­cat­ing through Swedish diplo­mat­ic net­works. (37)

It has also been sug­gest­ed that Wal­len­berg worked for a secret, par­al­lel Amer­i­can intel­li­gence net­work known infor­mal­ly as “The Pond.” (38)

Rely­ing in con­sid­er­able mea­sure on infor­ma­tion pro­vid­ed by con­tacts in pri­vate com­mer­cial enter­pris­es, the Pond might have recruit­ed Wal­len­berg through or because of his family’s con­sum­mate­ly influ­en­tial busi­ness con­nec­tions. (39)

Net­work­ing with the SS

As doc­u­ment­ed above, the Axis con­nec­tions and pro-Nazi machi­na­tions of the Wal­len­berg fam­i­ly were exten­sive.

Loom­ing large in the cir­cum­stances sur­round­ing Raoul Wallenberg’s activ­i­ties and dis­ap­pear­ance is his oper­a­tional link to SS Gen­er­al Karl Wolff, Hein­rich Himmler’s per­son­al adju­tant.

As is well known, Wolff was involved in nego­ti­a­tions with Allen Dulles in 1945 to arrange a sep­a­rate sur­ren­der of SS forces in Italy, an arrange­ment that ran direct­ly counter  to stat­ed U.S. pol­i­cy and one that appears to have laid part of the foun­da­tion for the col­lab­o­ra­tive arrange­ment between Amer­i­can intel­li­gence and the SS cadres asso­ci­at­ed with the Rein­hard Gehlen spy out­fit.  (40)

A crit­i­cal con­sid­er­a­tion con­cern­ing Raoul Wallenberg’s “phil­an­thropy” involves his oper­a­tions on behalf of a com­pa­ny called Mela­neu­ropeiska AB, a Swedish firm that import­ed hard-to-get com­modi­ties like fruit and cig­a­rettes, whose scarci­ty was a prod­uct of the wartime econ­o­my. (41)

Through­out the war, Wallenberg’s work with the com­pa­ny was per­formed in coop­er­a­tion with Ludolph Chris­tensen, a Ger­man busi­ness­man who, in turn, oper­at­ed with the pro­tec­tion of Gen­er­al Wolff. (42)

Just before the begin­ning of his res­cue oper­a­tion, Wal­len­berg met with Chris­tensen. (43)

Note­wor­thy, as well, is the fact that, near the end of the war, the SS was involved with var­i­ous nego­ti­a­tions, some of which were peace feel­ers advanced through Swedish inter­me­di­aries.

Reichs­fuhrer SS Hein­rich Himm­ler net­worked with Swedish diplo­mat Count Bernadotte in an attempt to secure clemen­cy from the Allies. (44)

Oth­er SS nego­ti­a­tions involved the phys­i­cal safe­ty of wealthy Jews, exchanged in return for the trans­fer of their wealth to the SS. Raoul Wallenberg’s oper­a­tional base, Hun­gary, was cen­tral to many of these oper­a­tions. (45) The Swiss vice-con­sul in Bern’s efforts to save Hun­gar­i­an Jews dra­mat­i­cal­ly eclipsed Raoul Wallenberg’s, issu­ing five times as many visas to oth­er­wise doomed Hun­gar­i­an Jews. (46) He has not, how­ev­er, achieved Wallenberg’s near myth­i­cal stature.

Food for Thought

Note­wor­thy in eval­u­at­ing Raoul Wallenberg’s activ­i­ties late in the war is John “Frenchy” Grom­bach.

The prin­ci­pal oper­a­tive of “The Pond,” Grom­bach net­worked with SS Gen­er­al Karl Wolff, uti­liz­ing a group of SS offi­cers under his con­trol to gen­er­ate intel­li­gence, which he chan­neled to for­mer Sen­a­tor Joseph McCarthy to be used in his witch hunts. “ . . . One of Grom­bach’s most impor­tant assets, accord­ing to U.S. naval intel­li­gence records obtained under the Free­dom of Infor­ma­tion Act, was SS Gen­er­al Karl Wolff, a major war crim­i­nal who had gone into the arms trade in Europe after the war. . . . Grom­bach worked simul­ta­ne­ous­ly under con­tract to the Depart­ment of State and the CIA. . . .” (47)

As doc­u­ment­ed above, Wallenberg’s busi­ness net­work­ing with Ludolph Chris­tensen was pro­tect­ed by Wolff.

Raoul Wallenberg’s pos­si­ble employ­ment by “The Pond” and that network’s uti­liza­tion of Karl Wolff’s net­work of SS offi­cers gives depth to the pos­si­bil­i­ty that the Swedish diplo­mat was work­ing in the SS/Allied col­lu­sion as World War II gave way to the Cold War.

Con­clu­sions

Although the mys­tery sur­round­ing Raoul Wallenberg’s dis­ap­pear­ance, and prob­a­ble impris­on­ment by the Sovi­ets, remains (to an extent) unsolved, some dis­tinct clues can be gleaned from a care­ful exam­i­na­tion of the total­i­ty of the diplomat’s activ­i­ties.

That his fam­i­ly was heav­i­ly net­worked with the Third Reich is beyond dis­pute. Raoul Wal­len­berg, in turn, was work­ing in con­junc­tion with U.S. intel­li­gence, and net­worked with SS Gen­er­al Karl Wolff’s pro­tégé Ludolph Chris­tensen.

With the wartime alliance between the West and the Sovi­et Union dis­in­te­grat­ing into what became the Cold War, Wallenberg’s activ­i­ties cer­tain­ly would have been of inter­est to Sovi­et intel­li­gence.

Stal­in, of course, was not known for his mod­er­a­tion.

That Wal­len­berg may well have been involved in espi­onage activ­i­ty and, pos­si­bly, the ran­som­ing of Jews in exchange for the trans­fer of their wealth and/or clemen­cy for high-rank­ing SS offi­cers is a sub­ject that bears fur­ther inves­ti­ga­tion.

That Wal­len­berg may not have been the saint he is por­trayed as hav­ing been is a pos­si­bil­i­ty that may be clar­i­fied by con­tin­ued explo­ration of his enig­mat­ic career.

                                                                NOTES

1. Mar­tin Bor­mann: Nazi in Exile; Paul Man­ning; Copy­right 1981 [HC]; Lyle Stu­art Inc.; ISBN 0–8184-0309–8; pp. 133–134.
2. Trad­ing with the Ene­my: An Expose of the Nazi-Amer­i­can Mon­ey Plot 1933–1945 by Charles High­am; Dell [SC]; Copy­right 1983 by Charles High­am; ISBN 0–440-19055‑X; p. 137.
3. Idem.
4. Idem.
5. Trad­ing with the Ene­my: An Expose of the Nazi-Amer­i­can Mon­ey Plot 1933–1945; p. 138.
6. All Hon­or­able Men by James Stew­art Mar­tin; Lit­tle Brown [HC]; Copy­right 1950 by James Stew­art Mar­tin; p. 252.
7. Trad­ing with the Ene­my: An Expose of the Nazi-Amer­i­can Mon­ey Plot 1933–1945; pp. 137–138.
8. Ibid.; p. 138.
9. All Hon­or­able Men; p. 250.
10. Idem.
11. Idem.
12. Idem.
13. Idem.
14. Trad­ing with the Ene­my: An Expose of the Nazi-Amer­i­can Mon­ey Plot 1933–1945; p. 139.
15. Idem.
16. Idem.
17. Ibid.; p. 140.
18. Ibid.; pp. 140–141.
19. Ibid.; p. 141.
20. Idem.
21. Idem.
22. Idem.
23. Ibid.; pp. 141–142.
24. Ibid.; p. 142.
25. Ibid.; p. 143.
26. Ibid.;
27. Ibid.; p. 143
28. Idem.
29. Idem.
30. Ibid.; p. 146.
31. Ibid.; p. 149.
32. Ibid.; p. 146.
33. All Hon­or­able Men; p. 254.
34. “Clues Sur­fac­ing in Wal­len­berg Case” by Arthur Max and Randy Her­schaft; NBC News; 4/17/2008.
35. All Hon­or­able Men; p. 254.
36. Clues Sur­fac­ing in Wal­len­berg Case” by Arthur Max and Randy Her­schaft; NBC News; 4/17/2008.
37. Idem.
38. Idem.
39. Idem.
40. “How Allen Dulles and the SS Pre­served Each Oth­er” by Peter Dale Scott; Covert Action Infor­ma­tion Bul­letin; Issue 25 (Win­ter 1986); pp. 4–16.
41. “‘Swedish Schindler’s Death Linked to Ger­many;” The Local [SE]; 1/15/2015.
42. Idem.
43. Idem.
44. Gehlen: Spy of the Cen­tu­ry by E.H. Cookridge; Ran­dom House [HC]; Euro­pean Copy­right Com­pa­ny Lim­it­ed; ISBN 0–394-47313–2; p. 102.
45. Nazi Gold by Tom Bow­er; Harp­er Peren­ni­al [SC]; Copy­right 1997 and 1998 by Tom Bow­er; ISBN 0–06-109982–1; pp. 61–62.
46. Ibid. ; p. 62.
47. Blow­back; Christo­pher Simp­son; Col­lier [Macmil­lan] {SC}; Copy­right 1988 by Christo­pher Simp­son; ISBN 0–02-044995‑X; pp. 236–237.